Abstract
A wealth of in silico tools is available for protein motif discovery and structural analysis. The aim of this chapter is to collect some of the most common and useful tools and to guide the biologist in their use. A detailed explanation is provided for the use of Distill, a suite of web servers for the prediction of protein structural features and the prediction of full-atom 3D models from a protein sequence. Besides this, we also provide pointers to many other tools available for motif discovery and secondary and tertiary structure prediction from a primary amino acid sequence. The prediction of protein intrinsic disorder and the prediction of functional sites and SLiMs are also briefly discussed. Given that user queries vary greatly in size, scope and character, the trade-offs in speed, accuracy and scale need to be considered when choosing which methods to adopt.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
The UniProt Consortium (2008) The Universal Protein Resource (UniProt). Nucleic Acids Res 36, D190–D195.
Berman, H., Westbrook, J., Feng, Z., et al. (2000) The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res 28, 235–242.
Aloy, P., Pichaud, M., Russell, R. (2005) Protein complexes: structure prediction challenges for the 21st century. Curr Opin Struct Biol 15, 15–22.
Chothia, C., Lesk, A. (1986) The relation between the divergence of sequence and structure in proteins. EMBO J 5, 823–826.
Chandonia, J., Brenner, S. (2006) The impact of structural genomics: expectations and outcomes. Science 311, 347.
Moult, J. (2008) Comparative modeling in structural genomics. Structure 16, 14–16.
Altschul, S., Madden, T., Schaffer, A., et al. (1997) Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Res 25, 3389.
Baù D, Martin, A., Mooney, C., et al. (2006) Distill: a suite of web servers for the prediction of one-, two- and three-dimensional structural features of proteins. BMC Bioinformatics 7, 402.
Pollastri, G., McLysaght, A. (2005) Porter: a new, accurate server for protein secondary structure prediction. Bioinformatics 21, 1719–1720.
Vullo, A., Walsh, I., Pollastri, G. (2006) A two-stage approach for improved prediction of residue contact maps. BMC Bioinformatics 7, 180.
Mooney, C., Vullo, A., Pollastri, G. (2006) Protein structural motif prediction in multidimensional phi–psi space leads to improved secondary structure prediction. J Comput Biol 13, 1489–1502.
Pollastri, G., Martin, A., Mooney, C., Vullo, A. (2007) Accurate prediction of protein secondary structure and solvent accessibility by consensus combiners of sequence and structure information. BMC Bioinformatics 8, 201.
Vullo, A., Bortolami, O., Pollastri, G., Tosatto, S. (2006) Spritz: a server for the prediction of intrinsically disordered regions in protein sequences using kernel machines. Nucleic Acids Res 34, W164.
Walsh, I., Martin, A., Mooney, C., et al. (2009) Ab initio and homology based prediction of protein domains by recursive neural networks. BMC Bioinformatics 10, 195.
Walsh, I., Baù, D., Martin, A., et al. (2009) Ab initio and template-based prediction of multi-class distance maps by two-dimensional recursive neural networks. BMC Struct Biol 9, 5.
Sims, G., Choi, I., Kim, S. (2005) Protein conformational space in higher order ψ– ϕ maps. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 18, 618–621.
Mooney, C., Pollastri, G. (2009) Beyond the Twilight Zone: automated prediction of structural properties of proteins by recursive neural networks and remote homology information. Proteins 77, 181–190.
Suzek, B., Huang, H., McGarvey, P., et al. (2007) UniRef: comprehensive and non-redundant UniProt reference clusters. Bioinformatics 23, 1282.
Montgomerie, S., Sundararaj, S., Gallin, W., Wishart, D. (2006) Improving the accuracy of protein secondary structure prediction using structural alignment. BMC Bioinformatics 7, 301.
Cheng, J., Randall, A., Sweredoski, M., Baldi, P. (2005) SCRATCH: a protein structure and structural feature prediction server. Nucleic Acids Res 33, W72.
Cole, C., Barber, J., Barton, G. (2008) The Jpred 3 secondary structure prediction server. Nucleic Acids Res 36, W197–W201.
Jones, D. (1999) Protein secondary structure prediction based on position-specific scoring matrices. J Mol Biol 292, 195–202.
Adamczak, R., Porollo, A., Meller, J. (2005) Combining prediction of secondary structure and solvent accessibility in proteins. Proteins 59, 467–475.
Moult, J., Fidelis, K., Kryshtafovych, A., et al. (2009) Critical assessment of methods of protein structure prediction – Round VIII. Proteins 77, 1–4.
Zhang, Y. (2009) I-TASSER: Fully automated protein structure prediction in CASP8. Proteins 77, 100.
Hildebrand, A., Remmert, M., Biegert, A., Söding, J. (2009) Fast and accurate automatic structure prediction with HHpred. Proteins 77, 128–132.
Eswar, N., Webb, B., Marti-Renom, M., et al. (2007) Comparative protein structure modeling using Modeller. Curr Protoc Protein Sci 50:2.9.1–2.9.31.
Raman, S., Vernon, R., Thompson, J., et al. (2009) Structure prediction for CASP8 with all-atom refinement using Rosetta. Proteins 77, 89–99.
Kalinina, O., Gelfand, M., Russell, R. (2009) Combining specificity determining and conserved residues improves functional site prediction. BMC Bioinformatics 10, 174.
Landau, M., Mayrose, I., Rosenberg, Y., et al. (2005) ConSurf 2005: the projection of evolutionary conservation scores of residues on protein structures. Nucleic Acids Res 33, W299.
Morgan, D., Kristensen, D., Mittelman, D., Lichtarge, O. (2006) ET viewer: an application for predicting and visualizing functional sites in protein structures. Bioinformatics 22, 2049.
Hernandez, M., Ghersi, D., Sanchez, R. (2009) SITEHOUND-web: a server for ligand binding site identification in protein structures. Nucleic Acids Res 37, W413–W416.
Dyson, H., Wright, P. (2005) Intrinsically unstructured proteins and their functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6, 197–208.
Dosztanyi, Z., Csizmok, V., Tompa, P., Simon, I. (2005) IUPred: web server for the prediction of intrinsically unstructured regions of proteins based on estimated energy content. Bioinformatics 21, 3433.
Diella, F., Haslam, N., Chica, C., et al. (2008) Understanding eukaryotic linear motifs and their role in cell signaling and regulation. Front Biosci 13, 6580–6603.
Neduva, V., Russell, R. (2006) Peptides mediating interaction networks: new leads at last. Curr Opin Biotechnol 17, 465–471.
Neduva, V., Russell, R. (2005) Linear motifs: evolutionary interaction switches. FEBS Lett 579, 3342–3345.
Puntervoll, P., Linding, R., Gemund, C., et al. (2003) ELM server: a new resource for investigating short functional sites in modular eukaryotic proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 31, 3625.
Gould, C., Diella, F., Via, A., et al. (2010) ELM: the status of the 2010 eukaryotic linear motif resource. Nucleic Acids Res 38, D167.
Balla, S., Thapar, V., Verma, S., et al. (2006) Minimotif Miner: a tool for investigating protein function. Nat Methods 3, 175–177.
Rajasekaran, S., Balla, S., Gradie, P., et al. (2009) Minimotif miner 2nd release: a database and web system for motif search. Nucleic Acids Res 37, D185.
Bateman, A., Birney, E., Cerruti, L., et al. (2002) The Pfam protein families database. Nucleic Acids Res 30, 276.
Finn, R., Mistry, J., Tate, J., et al. (2009) The Pfam protein families database. Nucleic Acids Res 36, 281–288.
Letunic, I., Doerks, T., Bork, P. (2008) SMART 6: recent updates and new developments. Nucleic Acids Res 1, 4.
Ashburner, M., Ball, C., Blake, J., et al. (2000) Gene Ontology: tool for the unification of biology. Nat Genet 25, 25–29.
Edwards, R., Davey, N., Shields, D. (2007) SLiMFinder: a probabilistic method for identifying over-represented, convergently evolved, short linear motifs in proteins. PloS One 2, e967.
Neduva, V., Linding, R., Su-Angrand, I., et al. (2005) Systematic discovery of new recognition peptides mediating protein interaction networks. PLoS Biol 3, 2090.
Mészáros B, Simon, I., Dosztányi Z (2009) Prediction of protein binding regions in disordered proteins. PLoS Comput Biol 5, 5.
Edwards, R., Davey, N., Shields, D. (2008) CompariMotif: quick and easy comparisons of sequence motifs. Bioinformatics 24, 1307.
Chica, C., Labarga, A., Gould, C., et al. (2008) A tree-based conservation scoring method for short linear motifs in multiple alignments of protein sequences. BMC Bioinformatics 9, 229.
Dinkel, H., Sticht, H. (2007) A computational strategy for the prediction of functional linear peptide motifs in proteins. Bioinformatics 23, 3297.
Petsalaki, E., Stark, A., GarcÃa-Urdiales, E., Russell, R. (2009) Accurate prediction of peptide binding sites on protein surfaces. PLoS Comput Biol 5, e1000335.
Michael, S., Trave, G., Ramu, C., et al. (2008) Discovery of candidate KEN-box motifs using cell cycle keyword enrichment combined with native disorder prediction and motif conservation. Bioinformatics 24, 453.
Diella, F., Chabanis, S., Luck, K., et al. (2009) KEPE—a motif frequently superimposed on sumoylation sites in metazoan chromatin proteins and transcription factors. Bioinformatics 25, 1.
Copley, R. (2005) The EH 1 motif in metazoan transcription factors. BMC Genomics 6, 169.
Davey, N., Edwards, R., Shields, D. (2010) Computational identification and analysis of protein short linear motifs. Front Biosci 15, 801–825.
Acknowledgements
C.M. is supported by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) grant 08/IN.1/B1864. ND is supported by an EMBL Interdisciplinary Postdoc (EIPOD) fellowship. CM, GP, IW and AJMM were partly supported by SFI grant 05/RFP/CMS0029, grant RP/2005/219 from the Health Research Board of Ireland, a UCD President’s Award 2004 and UCD Seed Funding 2009 award SF371.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Mooney, C., Davey, N., Martin, A.J., Walsh, I., Shields, D.C., Pollastri, G. (2011). In Silico Protein Motif Discovery and Structural Analysis. In: Yu, B., Hinchcliffe, M. (eds) In Silico Tools for Gene Discovery. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 760. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-176-5_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-176-5_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-175-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-176-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols