Abstract
Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase (PGH synthase), also known as cyclooxygenase (COX), was identified over 30 years ago and is the key enzyme in the pathway by which arachidonic acid is converted to the range of biologically active lipid mediators known as the prostanoids that participate in numerous physiological processes. The need for the development of new and improved COX inhibitors as potential therapeutics also drives the need for rapid, reliable, and inexpensive assays of COX activity. Colorimetric assays are often the preferred methods of enzyme analysis since they may be readily adapted to simple microplate formats that require relatively inexpensive and widely available instrumentation. The use of N,N,N ¢,N ¢-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) in high throughput microplate assays of COX activity could become the approach of choice in the screening of potential therapeutics that inhibit COX activity in vivo. Considering that TMPD is also a potential substrate for most, if not all, heme peroxidases, it is anticipated that this agent could find increasing application in the future.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Herschman HR (1996) Prostaglandin synthase 2. Biochim Biophys Acta 1299:125–140
Smith W, Garavito R, DeWitt D (1996) Prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthases (cyclooxygenases)-1 and 2. J Biol Chem 271:33157–33160
Kutchera W, Jones DA, Matsunami N, Groden J, McIntyre TM, Zimmerman GA, White RL, Prescott SM (1996) Prostaglandin H synthase-2 is expressed abnormally in human colon cancer: evidence for a transcriptional effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93:4816–4820
Reddy ST, Herschman HR (1996) Transcellular prostaglandin production following mast cell activation is mediated by proximal secretory phospholipase A2 and distal prostaglandin synthase 1. J Biol Chem 271:186–191
Shao J, Sheng H, Inoue H, Morrow JD, DuBois RN (2000) Regulation of constitutive cyclooxygenase-2 expression in colon carcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 275: 33951–33956
Vane JR (1971) Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin-like drugs. Nature 231:232–235
Van der Ouderaa FJG, Buytenhek M (1982) Purification of PGH synthase from sheep vesicular glands. Methods Enzymol 86:60–68
Markey CM, Alward A, Weller PE, Marnett LJ (1987) Quantitative studies of hydroperoxide reduction by prostaglandin H synthase: reducing substrate specificity and the relationship of peroxidase to cyclooxygenase activities. J Biol Chem 262:6266–6279
Kulmacz RJ, Lands WEM (1983) Requirements for hydroperoxide by the cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activities of prostaglandin H synthase. Prostaglandins 25:531–540
Towne V, Will M, Oswald B, Zhao Q (2004) Complexities in horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of dihydroxyphenoxazine derivatives: appropriate ranges for pH values and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in quantitative analysis. Anal Biochem 334: 290–296
Forghani F, Ouellet M, Keen S, Percival MD, Tagari P (1998) Analysis of prostaglandin G/H synthase-2 inhibition using peroxidase-induced luminol luminescence. Anal Biochem 264:216–221
Noreen Y, Ringbom T, Perera P, Danielson H, Bohlin L (1998) Development of a radiochemical cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in vitro assay for identification of natural products as inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis. J Nat Prod 61:2–7
Stenson WF (2001) Measurement of prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Curr Protoc Immunol Chapter 7, Unit 7.33
Barrière G, Rabinovitch-Chable H, Cook-Moreau J, Faucher K, Rigaud M, Sturtz F (2004) PHGPx overexpression induces an increase in COX-2 activity in colon carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res 24:1387–1392
Brideau C, Kargman S, Liu S, Dallob AL, Ehrich EW, Rodger IW, Chan CC (1996) A human whole blood assay for clinical evaluation of biochemical efficacy of cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Inflamm Res 45:68–74
Guilemany JM, Roca-Ferrer J, Mullol J (2008) Cyclooxygenases and the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 8:219–226
Yang H, Chen C (2008) Cyclooxygenase-2 in synaptic signaling. Curr Pharm Des 14: 1443–1451
Ragel BT, Jensen RL, Couldwell WT (2007) Regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 expression by cyclic AMP. Biochim Biophys Acta 1773:1605–1618
Hsieh HL, Sun CC, Wang TS, Yang CM (2008) PKC-delta/c-Src-mediated EGF receptor transactivation regulates thrombin-induced COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1783:1563–1575
Wang L, Chen W, Xie X, He Y, Bai X (2008) Celecoxib inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in an orthotopic implantation tumor model of human colon cancer. Exp Oncol 30:42–51
Wong E, Bayly C, Waterman HL, Riendeau D, Mancini JA (1997) Conversion of prostaglandin G/H synthase-1 into an enzyme sensitive to PGHS-2-selective inhibitors by a double His513→Arg and Ile523→Val mutation. J Biol Chem 272:9280–9286
Van der Ouderaa FJ, Buytenhek M, Nugteren DH, Van Dorp DA (1977) Purification and characterisation of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase from sheep vesicular glands. Biochim Biophys Acta 487:315–331
Raz A, Needleman P (1990) Differential modification of cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activities of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase by proteolytic digestion and hydroperoxides. Biochem J 269:603–607
Gierse JK, Hauser SD, Creely DP, Koboldt C, Rangwala SH, Isakson PC, Seibert K (1995) Expression and selective inhibition of the constitutive and inducible forms of human cyclooxygenase. Biochem J 305:479–484
Butler MJ, Lachance MA (1987) The use of N,N,N ¢,N ¢-tetramethylphenylenediamine to detect peroxidase activity on polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels. Anal Biochem 162: 443–445
Tam SS, Lee DH, Wang EY, Munroe DG, Lau CY (1995) Tepoxalin, a novel dual inhibitor of the prostaglandin-H synthase cyclooxygenase and peroxidase activities. J Biol Chem 270:13948–13955
Ouellet M, Falgueyret JP, Percival MD (2004) Detergents profoundly affect inhibitor potencies against both cyclo-oxygenase isoforms. Biochem J 377:675–684
Copeland RA, Williams JM, Giannaras J, Nurnberg S, Covington M, Pinto D, Pick S, Trzaskos JM (1994) Mechanism of selective inhibition of the inducible isoform of prostaglandin G/H synthase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:11202–11206
Gierse JK, Koboldt CM, Walker MC, Seibert K, Isakson PC (1999) Kinetic basis for selective inhibition of cyclo-oxygenases. Biochem J 339:607–614
Szymczak M, Murray M, Petrovic N (2008) Modulation of angiogenesis by omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is mediated by cyclooxygenases. Blood 111:3514–3521
Fischer S, Weber PC (1984) Prostaglandin I3 formed in vivo in man after dietary eicosapentaenoic acid. Nature 307: 165–168
Malkowski MG, Thuresson ED, Lakkides KM, Rieke CJ, Micielli R, Smith WL, Garavito RM (2001) Structure of eicosapentaenoic and linoleic acids in the cyclooxygenase site of prostaglandin endoperoxide H synthase-1. J Biol Chem 276:37547–37555
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Petrovic, N., Murray, M. (2010). Using N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) to Assay Cyclooxygenase Activity In Vitro. In: Armstrong, D. (eds) Advanced Protocols in Oxidative Stress II. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 594. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-411-1_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-411-1_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-410-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-411-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols