Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

fMRI Techniques and Protocols pp 323–351Cite as

fMRI of Language Systems

  • Protocol
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 41))

Summary

Language refers to the uniquely human capacity for communication through productive combination of symbolic representations. Functional neuroimaging studies have in recent decades greatly expanded our knowledge of the brain systems supporting language, producing a dramatic reawakening of interest in this topic and a call to revise and extend the nineteenth century neuroanatomical model formulated by Broca, Wernicke, and others. This chapter presents some theoretical issues regarding functional imaging of language systems, a model of the functional neuroanatomy of language based on recent empirical results in several selected processing domains, and a survey of language mapping paradigms in common clinical use. A central theme is that interpretation of fMRI language studies depends on an informed analysis of the cognitive processes engaged during scanning. This analytic approach can help avoid common pitfalls in task design that limit the sensitivity and specificity of language mapping studies and should encourage the development of a standardized methodological and conceptual framework for such studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. Broca P. Remarques sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé; suivies d’une observation d’aphemie. Bulletin de la Société Anatomique de Paris 1861;6:330–57.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Wernicke C. Der aphasische Symptomenkomplex. Breslau: Cohn & Weigert; 1874.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Lichtheim L. On aphasia. Brain 1885;7:433–84.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Geschwind N. Aphasia. N Eng J Med 1971;284:654–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Binder JR, Frost JA, Hammeke TA, Cox RW, Rao SM, Prieto T. Human brain language areas identified by functional MRI. J Neurosci 1997;17:353–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Démonet J-F, Thierry G, Cardebat D. Renewal of the neurophysiology of language: Functional neuroimaging. Physiol Rev 2005;85:49–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Binder JR, Price CJ. Functional imaging of language. In: Cabeza R, Kingstone A, eds. Handbook of functional neuroimaging of cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2001:187–251.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Macleod CM. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychol Bull 1991;109:163–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Reicher GM. Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulness of stimulus material. J Exp Psychol 1969;81:274–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Warren RM, Obusek CJ. Speech perception and phonemic restorations. Percept Psychophys 1971;9:358–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ganong WF. Phonetic categorization in auditory word perception. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1980;6:110–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Marslen-Wilson WD, Tyler LK. Central processes in speech understanding. Phil Trans Royal Soc London B 1981;295:317–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Carr TH, McCauley C, Sperber RD, Parmalee CM. Words, pictures, and priming: On semantic activation, conscious identification, and the automaticity of information processing. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1982;8:757–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Marcel AJ. Conscious and unconscious per­ception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychol 1983;15:197–237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Van Orden GC. A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound, and reading. Mem Cognit 1987;15:181–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Burton MW, Baum SR, Blumstein SE. Lexical effects on phonetic categorization of speech: The role of acoustic structure. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 1989;15:567–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Glaser WR. Picture naming. Cognition 1992;42:61–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. James W. Principles of psychology. New York: Dover; 1890.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  19. Hebb DO. The problem of consciousness and introspection. In: Adrian ED, Bremer F, Jasper HH, eds. Brain mechanisms and consciousness: A symposium. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas; 1954:402–21.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Miller GA, Galanter E, Pribram K. Plans and the structure of behavior. New York: Holt; 1960.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  21. Pope KS, Singer JL. Regulation of the stream of consciousness: Toward a theory of ongoing thought. In: Schwartz GE, Shapiro D, eds. Consciousness and self-regulation. New York: Plenum; 1976:101–35.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Aurell CG. Perception: A model comprising two modes of consciousness. Percept Motor Skills 1979;49:431–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Picton TW, Stuss DT. Neurobiology of conscious experience. Curr Opin Neurobiol 1994;4:256–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Antrobus JS, Singer JL, Greenberg S. Studies in the stream of consciousness: Experimental enhancement and suppression of spontaneous cognitive processes. Percept Motor Skills 1966;23:399–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Teasdale JD, Proctor L, Lloyd CA, Baddeley AD. Working memory and stimulus-independent thought: Effects of memory load and presentation rate. Eur J Cogn Psychol 1993;5:417–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Révész G, ed. Thinking and speaking: A symposium. Amsterdam: North Holland Publishing; 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Weiskrantz L, ed. Thought without language. Oxford: Clarendon; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Vygotsky LS. Thought and language. New York: Wiley; 1962.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  29. Karmiloff-Smith A. Beyond modularity: A developmental perspective on cognitive science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Andreasen NC, O’Leary DS, Cizadlo T, et al. Remembering the past: Two facets of episodic memory explored with positron emission tomography. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1576–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Shulman GL, Fiez JA, Corbetta M, et al Common blood flow changes across visual tasks. II. Decreases in cerebral cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 1997;9:648–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Binder JR, Frost JA, Hammeke TA, Bellgowan PSF, Rao SM, Cox RW. Conceptual processing during the conscious resting state: A functional MRI study. J Cogn Neurosci 1999;11:80–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Mazoyer B, Zago L, Mellet E, et al. Cortical networks for working memory and executive functions sustain the conscious resting state in man. Brain Res Bull 2001;54:287–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Raichle ME, McLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL. A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:676–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Stark CE, Squire LR. When zero is not zero: The problem of ambiguous baseline conditions in fMRI. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:12760–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. McKiernan KA, Kaufman JN, Kucera-Thompson J, Binder JR. A parametric manipulation of factors affecting task-induced deactivation in functional neuroimaging. J Cogn Neurosci 2003;15:394–408.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. McKiernan KA, D’Angelo BR, Kaufman JN, Binder JR. Interrupting the “stream of consciousness”: An fMRI investigation. Neuroimage 2006;29:1185–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Mason MF, Norton MI, Van Horn JD, Wegner DM, Grafton ST, Macrae CN. Wandering minds: The default network and stimulus-independent thought. Science 2007;315:393–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Abutalebi J, Cappa S, Perani D. What can functional neuroimaging tell us about the bilingual brain? In: Kroll J, de Groot AMB, eds. Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005:497–515.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Hernandez A, Li P, MacWhinney B. The emergence of competing modules in bilingualism. Trends Cogn Sci 2005;9:220–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Corina DP, Knapp H. Sign language processing and the mirror neuron system. Cortex 2006;42:529–39.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Campbell R, MacSweeney, Waters D. Sign language and the brain: A review. J Deaf Studies Deaf Educ 2008;13:3–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Bogen JE, Bogen GM. Wernicke’s region – where is it? Ann NY Acad Sci 1976;290:834–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Démonet J-F, Chollet F, Ramsay S, et al. The anatomy of phonological and semantic processing in normal subjects. Brain 1992;115:1753–68.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Zatorre RJ, Evans AC, Meyer E, Gjedde A. Lateralization of phonetic and pitch discrimi­nation in speech processing. Science 1992;256:846–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Binder JR, Frost JA, Hammeke TA, Rao SM, Cox RW. Function of the left planum temporale in auditory and linguistic processing. Brain 1996;119:1239–47.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Mummery CJ, Ashburner J, Scott SK, Wise RJS. Functional neuroimaging of speech perception in six normal and two aphasic subjects. J Acoust Soc Am 1999;106:449–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Belin P, Zatorre RJ, Lafaille P, Ahad P, Pike B. Voice-selective areas in human auditory cortex. Nature 2000;403:309–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Binder JR, Frost JA, Hammeke TA, et al. Human temporal lobe activation by speech and nonspeech sounds. Cereb Cortex 2000;10:512–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Desai R, Liebenthal E, Possing ET, Waldron E, Binder JR. Volumetric vs. surface-based alignment for localization of auditory cortex activation. Neuroimage 2005;26:1019–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Dehaene-Lambertz G, Pallier C, Serniclaes W, Sprenger-Charolles L, Jobert A, Dehaene S. Neural correlates of switching from auditory to speech perception. Neuroimage 2005;24:21–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Liebenthal E, Binder JR, Spitzer SM, Possing ET, Medler DA. Neural substrates of phonetic perception. Cereb Cortex 2005;15:1621–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Benson RR, Richardson M, Whalen DH, Lai S. Phonetic processing areas revealed by sinewave speech and acoustically similar non-speech. Neuroimage 2006;31:342–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Mottonen R, Calvert GA, Jaaskelainen IP, et al. Perceiving identical sounds as speech or non-speech modulates activity in the left posterior superior temporal sulcus. Neuroimage 2006;30:563–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Barrett AM. A case of pure word-deafness with autopsy. J Nerv Ment Dis 1910;37:73–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Henschen SE. On the hearing sphere. Acta Otolaryngol 1918–1919;1:423–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Wohlfart G, Lindgren A, Jernelius B. Clinical picture and morbid anatomy in a case of “pure word deafness.” J Nerv Ment Dis 1952;116:818–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Lhermitte F, Chain F, Escourolle R, Ducarne B, Pillon A, Chedru F. Etude des troubles perceptifs auditifs dans les lésions temporales bilatérales. Rev Neurol 1972;24:327–51.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Kanshepolsky J, Kelley JJ, Waggener JD. A cortical auditory disorder: Clinical, audiologic and pathologic aspects. Neurology 1973;23:699–705.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Buchman AS, Garron DC, Trost-Cardamone JE, Wichter MD, Schwartz D. Word deafness: One hundred years later. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1986;49:489–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Poeppel D. Pure word deafness and the bilateral processing of the speech code. Cogn Sci 2001;25:679–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Liepmann H, Storch E. Der mikroskopische Gehirnbefund bei dem Fall Gorstelle. Monatsschr Psychiatr Neurol 1902;11:115–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Stefanatos GA, Gershkoff A, Madigan S. On pure word deafness, temporal processing and the left hemisphere. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2005;11:456–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Déjerine J. Sur un cas de cécité verbal avec agraphie, suivi d’autopsie. Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie 1891;3:197–201.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Déjerine J. Contribution à l’étude anatomo-pathologique et clinique des différentes variétés de cécité verbale. Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie 1892;44:61–90.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Déjerine J, Vialet N. Contribution a l’étude de la localisation anatomique de la cécité verbale pure. Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie 1893;45:790–3.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Geschwind N. Disconnection syndromes in animals and man. Brain 1965;88:237–94, 585–644.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Greenblatt SH. Subangular alexia without agraphia or hemianopsia. Brain Lang 1976;3:229–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Vincent FM, Sadowsky CH, et al. Alexia without agraphia, hemianopia, or color-naming defect: A disconnection syndrome. Neurology 1977;27:689–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Henderson VW. Anatomy of posterior pathways in reading: A reassessment. Brain Lang 1986;29:119–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Binder JR, Mohr JP. The topography of transcallosal reading pathways: A case-control analysis. Brain 1992;115:1807–26.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Beversdorf DQ, Ratcliffe NR, Rhodes CH, Reeves AG. Pure alexia: Clinical-pathological evidence for a lateralized visual language association cortex. Clin Neuropathol 1997;16:328–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Sakurai Y, Takeuchi S, Takada T, Horiuchi E, Nakase H, Sakuta M. Alexia caused by a fusiform or posterior inferior temporal lesion. J Neurol Sci 2000;178:42–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Leff AP, Crewes H, Plant GT, Scott SK, Kennard C, Wise RJS. The functional anatomy of single-word reading in patients with hemianopic and pure alexia. Brain 2001;124:510–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Cohen L, Martinaud O, Lemer C, et al. Visual word recognition in the left and right hemispheres: Anatomical and functional correlates of peripheral alexias. Cereb Cortex 2003;13:1313–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Tarkiainen A, Helenius P, Hansen PC, Cornelissen PL, Salmelin R. Dynamics of letter string perception in the human occipitotemporal cortex. Brain 1999;122:2119–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Cohen L, Dehaene S, Naccache L, et al The visual word form area. Spatial and temporal characterization of an initial stage of reading in normal subjects and posterior split-brain patients. Brain 2000;123:291–307.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Dehaene S, Naccache L, Cohen L, et al. Cerebral mechanisms of word masking and unconscious repetition priming. Nat Neurosci 2001;4:752–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Cohen L, Lehéricy S, Chochon F, Lemer C, Rivaud S, Dehaene S. Language-specific tuning of visual cortex? Functional properties of the visual word form area. Brain 2002;125:1054–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Polk TA, Farah MJ. Functional MRI evidence for an abstract, not perceptual, word-form area. J Exp Psychol Gen 2002;131:65–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Binder JR, Medler DA, Westbury CF, Liebenthal E, Buchanan L. Tuning of the human left fusiform gyrus to sublexical orthographic structure. Neuroimage 2006;33:739–48.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Patterson KE, Kay J. Letter-by-letter reading: Psychological descriptions of a neurological syndrome. Q J Exp Psychol A 1982;34:411–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Reuter-Lorenz PA, Brunn JL. A prelexical basis for letter-by-letter reading: A case study. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 1990;7:1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Behrmann M, Plaut DC, Nelson J. A literature review and new data supporting an interactive activation account of letter-by-letter reading. In: Coltheart M, ed. Pure alexia (letter-by-letter reading). Hove, UK: Pscyhology Press; 1998:7–51.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Liepmann H, Pappenheim M. Über einem Fall von sogenannter Leitungsaphasie mit anatomischer Befund. Z Gesamte Neurol Psychiatr 1914;27:1–41.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Benson DF, Sheremata WA, Bouchard R, Segarra JM, Price D, Geschwind N. Conduction aphasia. A clinicopathological study. Arch Neurol 1973;28:339–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Damasio H, Damasio AR. The anatomical basis of conduction aphasia. Brain 1980;103:337–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Palumbo CL, Alexander MP, Naeser MA. CT scan lesion sites associated with conduction aphasia. In: Kohn SE, ed. Conduction aphasia. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1992:51–75.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Anderson JM, Gilmore R, Roper S, et al. Conduction aphasia and the arcuate fasciculus: A reexamination of the Wernicke–Geschwind model. Brain Lang 1999;70:1–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Quigg M, Fountain NB. Conduction aphasia elicited by stimulation of the left posterior superior temporal gyrus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;66:393–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Roeltgen DP, Sevush S, Heilman KM. Phonological agraphia: Writing by the lexical-semantic route. Neurology 1983;33:755–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Alexander MP, Friedman RB, Loverso F, Fischer RS. Lesion localization of phonological agraphia. Brain Lang 1992;43:83–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Howard D, Patterson K, Wise R, et al. The cortical localization of the lexicons. Brain 1992;115:1769–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Price CJ, Wise RJS, Watson JDG, Patterson K, Howard D, Frackowiak RSJ. Brain activity during reading. The effects of exposure duration and task. Brain 1994;117:1255–69.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Price CJ, Wise RSJ, Frackowiak RSJ. Demonstrating the implicit processing of visually presented words and pseudowords. Cereb Cortex 1996;6:62–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Bavelier D, Corina D, Jezzard P, et al. Sentence reading: A functional MRI study at 4 tesla. J Cogn Neurosci 1997;9:664–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Indefrey P, Kleinschmidt A, Merboldt K-D, et al. Equivalent responses to lexical and nonlexical visual stimuli in occipital cortex: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage 1997;5:78–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Tagamets M-A, Novick JM, Chalmers ML, Friedman RB. A parametric approach to orthographic processing in the brain: An fMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci 2000;12:281–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Hickok G, Erhard P, Kassubek J, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the role of left posterior superior temporal gyrus in speech production: Implications for the explanation of conduction aphasia. Neurosci Lett 2000;287:156–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Hickok G, Buchsbaum B, Humphries C, Muftuler T. Auditory-motor interaction revealed by fMRI: Speech, music, and working memory in area Spt. J Cogn Neurosci 2003;15:673–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Indefrey P, Levelt WJM. The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components. Cognition 2004;92:101–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Callan AM, Callan DE, Masaki S. When meaningless symbols become letters: Neural activity change in learning new phonograms. Neuroimage 2005;28:553–62.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Fiez JA, Raichle ME, Balota DA, Tallal P, Petersen SE. PET activation of posterior temporal regions during auditory word presentation and verb generation. Cereb Cortex 1996;6:1–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Warburton E, Wise RJS, Price CJ, et al Noun and verb retrieval by normal subjects. Studies with PET. Brain 1996;119:159–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Wise RSJ, Scott SK, Blank SC, Mummery CJ, Murphy K, Warburton EA. Separate neural subsystems within ‘Wernicke’s area’. Brain 2001;124:83–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Baddeley AD. Working memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Paulesu E, Frith CD, Frackowiak RSJ. The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory. Nature 1993;362:342–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Salmon E, Van der Linden M, Collette F, et al. Regional brain activity during working memory tasks. Brain 1996;119:1617–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Postle BR, Berger JS, D’Esposito M. Functional and neuroanatomical double dissociation of mnemonic and executive control processes contributing to working memory performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:12959–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Buchsbaum B, Hickok G, Humphries C. Role of left posterior superior temporal gyrus in phonological processing for speech perception and production. Cogn Sci 2001;25:663–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Buchsbaum BR, Olsen RK, Koch P, Berman KF. Human dorsal and ventral auditory streams subserve rehearsal-based and echoic processes during verbal working memory. Neuron 2005;48:687–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Hickok G, Poeppel D. Towards a functional neuroanatomy of speech perception. Trends Cogn Sci 2000;4:131–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  113. Bréal M. Essai de sémantique (science des signi­fications). Paris: Librairie Hachette; 1897.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Alexander MP, Hiltbrunner B, Fischer RS. Distributed anatomy of transcortical sensory aphasia. Arch Neurol 1989;46:885–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Hart J, Gordon B. Delineation of single-word semantic comprehension deficits in aphasia, with anatomic correlation. Ann Neurol 1990;27:226–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Chertkow H, Bub D, Deaudon C, Whitehead V. On the status of object concepts in aphasia. Brain Lang 1997;58:203–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Tranel D, Damasio H, Damasio AR. A neural basis for the retrieval of conceptual knowledge. Neuropsychologia 1997;35:1319–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Gainotti G. What the locus of brain lesion tells us about the nature of the cognitive defect underlying category-specific disorders: A review. Cortex 2000;36:539–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Mummery CJ, Patterson K, Price CJ, Ashburner J, Frackowiak RS, Hodges JR. A voxel-based morphometry study of semantic dementia: Relationship between temporal lobe atrophy and semantic memory. Ann Neurol 2000;47:36–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Hillis AE, Wityk RJ, Tuffiash E, et al. Hypoperfusion of Wernicke’s area predicts severity of semantic deficit in acute stroke. Ann Neurol 2001;50:561–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Damasio H, Tranel D, Grabowski T, Adolphs R, Damasio A. Neural systems behind word and concept retrieval. Cognition 2004;92:179–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Dronkers NF, Wilkins DP, Van Valin RD, Redfern BB, Jaeger JJ. Lesion analysis of the brain areas involved in language comprehension. Cognition 2004;92:145–77.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Martin A, Chao LL. Semantic memory in the brain: Structure and processes. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2001;11:194–201.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Bookheimer SY. Functional MRI of language: New approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing. Annu Rev Neurosci 2002;25:151–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Thompson-Schill SL. Neuroimaging studies of semantic memory: Inferring “how” from “where.” Neuropsychologia 2003;41:280–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Mummery CJ, Patterson K, Hodges JR, Wise RJS. Generating ‘tiger’ as an animal name or a word beginning with T: Differences in brain activation. Proc Royal Soc Lond B 1996;263:989–95.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Vandenberghe R, Price C, Wise R, Josephs O, Frackowiak RSJ. Functional anatomy of a common semantic system for words and pictures. Nature 1996;383:254–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Price CJ, Moore CJ, Humphreys GW, Wise RJS. Segregating semantic from phonological processes during reading. J Cogn Neurosci 1997;9:727–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Cappa SF, Perani D, Schnur T, Tettamanti M, Fazio F. The effects of semantic category and knowledge type on lexical-semantic access: A PET study. Neuroimage 1998;8:350–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Roskies AL, Fiez JA, Balota DA, Raichle ME, Petersen SE. Task-dependent modulation of regions in the left inferior frontal cortex during semantic processing. J Cogn Neurosci 2001;13:829–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Binder JR, McKiernan KA, Parsons M, et al. Neural correlates of lexical access during visual word recognition. J Cogn Neurosci 2003;15:372–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Devlin JT, Matthews PM, Rushworth MFS. Semantic processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex: A combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation study. J Cogn Neurosci 2003;15:71–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Rissman J, Eliassen JC, Blumstein SE. An event-related fMRI investigation of implicit semantic priming. J Cogn Neurosci 2003;15:1160–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Scott SK, Leff AP, Wise RJS. Going beyond the information given: A neural system supporting semantic interpretation. Neuroimage 2003;19:870–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Ischebeck A, Indefrey P, Usui N, Nose I, Hellwig F, Taira M. Reading in a regular orthography: An fMRI study investigating the role of visual familiarity. J Cogn Neurosci 2004;16:727–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  136. Binder JR, Westbury CF, Possing ET, McKiernan KA, Medler DA. Distinct brain systems for processing concrete and abstract concepts. J Cogn Neurosci 2005;17:905–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Binder JR, Medler DA, Desai R, Conant LL, Liebenthal E. Some neurophysiological constraints on models of word naming. Neuroimage 2005;27:677–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Sabsevitz DS, Medler DA, Seidenberg M, Binder JR. Modulation of the semantic system by word imageability. Neuroimage 2005;27:188–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Vandenbulcke M, Peeters R, Fannes K, Vandenberghe R. Knowledge of visual attributes in the right hemisphere. Nat Neurosci 2006;9:964–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Damasio H. Neuroimaging contributions to the understanding of aphasia. In: Boller F, Grafman J, eds. Handbook of neuropsychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1989:3–46.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Rapcsak SZ, Rubens AB. Localization of lesions in transcortical aphasia. In: Kertesz A, ed. Localization and neuroimaging in neuropsychology. San Diego: Academic Press; 1994:297–329.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Berthier ML. Transcortical aphasias. Hove: Psychology Press; 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Chan D, Fox NC, Scahill RI, et al. Patterns of temporal lobe atrophy in semantic dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol 2001;49:433–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Davies RR, Hodges JR, Krill JJ, Patterson K, Halliday GM, Xuereb JH. The pathological basis of semantic dementia. Brain 2005;128:1984–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Warrington EK, Shallice T. Category specific semantic impairments. Brain 1984;107:829–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Fung TD, Chertkow H, Whatmough C, et al. The spectrum of category effects in object and action knowledge in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. Neuropsychology 2001;15:371–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Chan AS, Salmon DP, De La Pena J. Abnormal semantic network for “animals” but not “tools” in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Cortex 2001;37:197–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Gonnerman LM, Andersen ES, Devlin JT, Kempler D, Seidenberg MS. Double dissociation of semantic categories in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Lang 1997;57:254–79.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Alexander MP, Benson DF, Stuss DT. Frontal lobes and language. Brain Lang 1989;37:656–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Mazoyer BM, Tzourio N, Frak V, et al. The cortical representation of speech. J Cogn Neurosci 1993;5:467–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  151. Bottini G, Corcoran R, Sterzi R, et al The role of the right hemisphere in the interpretation of figurative aspects of language. A positron emission tomography activation study. Brain 1994;117:1241–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  152. Stowe LA, Paans AMJ, Wijers AA, Zwarts F, Mulder G, Vaalburg W. Sentence comprehension and word repetition: A positron emission tomography investigation. Psychophysiology 1999;36:786–801.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Friederici AD, Meyer M, von Cramon DY. Auditory language comprehension: An event-related fMRI study on the processing of syntactic and lexical information. Brain Lang 2000;74:289–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Vandenberghe R, Nobre AC, Price CJ. The response of left temporal cortex to sentences. J Cogn Neurosci 2002;14:550–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Humphries C, Swinney D, Love T, Hickok G. Response of anterior temporal cortex to syntactic and prosodic manipulations during sentence processing. Hum Brain Mapp 2005;26:128–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Humphries C, Binder JR, Medler DA, Liebenthal E. Syntactic and semantic modulation of neural activity during auditory sentence comprehension. J Cogn Neurosci 2006;18:665–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  157. Humphries C, Binder JR, Medler DA, Liebenthal E. Time course of semantic processes during sentence comprehension: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 2007;36:924–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Kang AM, Constable RT, Gore JC, Avrutin S. An event-related fMRI study of implicit phrase-level syntactic and semantic processing. Neuroimage 1999;10:98–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  159. Embick D, Marantz A, Miyashita Y, O’Neil W, Sakai KL. A syntactic specialization for Broca’s area. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:6150–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Meyer M, Friederici AD, von Cramon DY. Neurocognition of auditory sentence comprehension: Event related fMRi reveals sensitivity to syntactic violations and task demands. Cogn Brain Res 2000;9:19–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Ni W, Constable RT, Mencl WE, et al. An event-related neuroimaging study distinguishing form and content in sentence processing. J Cogn Neurosci 2000;12:120–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Newman AJ, Pancheva R, Ozawa K, Neville HJ, Ullman MT. An event-related fMRI study of syntactic and semantic violations. J Psycholinguist Res 2001;30:339–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Kuperberg GR, Holcomb PJ, Sitnikova T, Greve D, Dale AM, Caplan D. Distinct patterns of neural modulation during the processing of conceptual and syntactic anomalies. J Cogn Neurosci 2003;15:272–93.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Just MA, Carpenter PA, Keller TA, Eddy WF, Thulborn KR. Brain activation modulated by sentence comprehension. Science 1996;274:114–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Caplan D, Alpert N, Waters GS. Effects of syntactic structure and prepositional number on patterns of regional cerebral blood flow. J Cogn Neurosci 1998;10:541–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Fiebach CJ, Schlesewsky M, Friederici AD. Syntactic working memory and the establishment of filler-gap dependencies: Insights from ERPs and fMRI. J Psycholinguist Res 2001;30:321–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Ben-Shachar M, Hendler T, Kahn I, Ben-Bashat D, Grodzinsky Y. The neural reality of syntactic transformations: Evidence form fMRI. Psychol Sci 2003;14:433–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  168. Friederici AD, Rüschemeyer S-A, Hahne A, Fiebach CJ. The role of left inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal cortex in sentence comprehension: Localizing syntactic and semantic processes. Cereb Cortex 2003;13:170–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Ben-Shachar M, Palti D, Grodzinsky Y. The neural correlates of syntactic movement: Converging evidence from two fMRI experiments. Neuroimage 2004;21:1320–36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  170. Wartenburger I, Heekeren HR, Burchert F, Heinemann S, De Bleser R, Villringer A. Neural correlates of syntactic transformations. Hum Brain Mapp 2004;22:72–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  171. Fiebach CJ, Schlesewsky M, Lohmann G. Revisiting the role of Broca’s area in sentence processing: Syntactic integration versus syntactic working memory. Hum Brain Mapp 2005;24:79–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Chen E, West WC, Waters G, Caplan D. Determinants of BOLD signal correlates of processing object-extracted relative clauses. Cortex 2006;42:591–604.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  173. Caplan D, Stanczak L, Waters G. Syntactic and thematic constraint effects on blood oxygenation level dependent signal correlates of comprehension of relative clauses. J Cogn Neurosci 2008;20:643–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Stowe LA, Broere CA, Paans AM, et al. Localizing components of a complex task: Sentence processing and working memory. Neuroreport 1998;9:2995–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Caplan D, Waters GS. Verbal working memory and sentence comprehension. Behav Brain Sci 1999;22:77–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Keller TA, Carpenter PA, Just MA. The neural bases of sentence comprehension: A fMRI examination of syntactic and lexical processing. Cereb Cortex 2001;11:223–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Cooke A, Zurif EB, DeVita C, et al. Neural basis for sentence comprehension: Grammatical and short-term memory components. Hum Brain Mapp 2002;15:80–94.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  178. Caplan D. Functional neuroimaging studies of syntactic processing. J Psycholinguist Res 2001;30:297–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Friederici AD, Kotz SA. The brain basis of syntactic processes: Functional imaging and lesion studies. Neuroimage 2003;20:S8–S17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  180. Martin RC. Language processing: Functional organization and neuroanatomical basis. Annu Rev Psychol 2003;54:55–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Grodzinsky Y, Friederici AD. Neuroimaging of syntax and syntactic processing. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2006;16:240–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Scott SK, Blank C, Rosen S, Wise RJS. Identification of a pathway for intelligible speech in the left temporal lobe. Brain 2000;123:2400–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  183. Davis MH, Johnsrude IS. Hierarchical processing in spoken language comprehension. J Neurosci 2003;23:3423–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Specht K, Reul J. Functional segregation of the temporal lobes into highly differentiated subsystems for auditory perception: An auditory rapid event-related fMRI task. Neuroimage 2003;20:1944–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  185. Uppenkamp S, Johnsrude IS, Norris D, Marslen-Wilson W, Patterson RD. Locating the initial stages of speech-sound processing in human temporal cortex. Neuroimage 2006;31:1284–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  186. Binder JR, Swanson SJ, Hammeke TA, Sabsevitz DS. A comparison of five FMRI protocols for mapping speech comprehension systems. Epilepsia 2008;49:1980–1997.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  187. Thompson-Schill SL, D’Esposito M, Aguirre GK, Farah MJ. Role of left inferior prefrontal cortex in retrieval of semantic knowledge: A reevaluation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:14792–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Thompson-Schill SL, D’Esposito M, Kan IP. Effects of repetition and competition on activity in left prefrontal cortex during word generation. Neuron 1999;23:513–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Wise R, Chollet F, Hadar U, Friston K, Hoffner E, Frackowiak R. Distribution of cortical neural networks involved in word comprehension and word retrieval. Brain 1991;114:1803–17.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  190. Price CJ, Wise RJS, Warburton EA, et al Hearing and saying. The functional neuro-anatomy of auditory word processing. Brain 1996;119:919–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Price C, Wise R, Ramsay S, et al. Regional response differences within the human auditory cortex when listening to words. Neurosci Lett 1992;146:179–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Binder JR, Rao SM, Hammeke TA, Frost JA, Bandettini PA, Hyde JS. Effects of stimulus rate on signal response during functional magnetic resonance imaging of auditory cortex. Cogn Brain Res 1994;2:31–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Lehéricy S, Cohen L, Bazin B, et al. Functional MR evaluation of temporal and frontal language dominance compared with the Wada test. Neurology 2000;54:1625–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  194. Humphries C, Willard K, Buchsbaum B, Hickok G. Role of anterior temporal cortex in auditory sentence comprehension: An fMRI study. Neuroreport 2001;12:1749–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Crinion JT, Lambon-Ralph MA, Warburton EA, Howard D, Wise RJS. Temporal lobe regions engaged during normal speech comprehension. Brain 2003;126:1193–201.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  196. Spitsyna G, Warren JE, Scott SK, Turkheimer FE, Wise RJS. Converging language streams in the human temporal lobe. J Neurosci 2006;26:7328–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Awad M, Warren JE, Scott SK, Turkheimer FE, Wise RJS. A common system for the comprehension and production of narrative speech. J Neurosci 2007;27:11455–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Eulitz C, Elbert T, Bartenstein P, Weiller C, Müller SP, Pantev C. Comparison of magnetic and metabolic brain activity during a verb generation task. NeuroReport 1994;6:97–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Ojemann JG, Buckner RL, Akbudak E, et al. Functional MRI studies of word-stem completion: Reliability across laboratories and comparison to blood flow imaging with PET. Hum Brain Mapp 1998;6:203–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Yetkin FZ, Swanson S, Fischer M, et al. Functional MR of frontal lobe activation: Comparison with Wada language results. Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:1095–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Benson RR, FitzGerald DB, LeSeuer LL, et al. Language dominance determined by whole brain functional MRI in patients with brain lesions. Neurology 1999;52:798–809.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Palmer ED, Rosen HJ, Ojemann JG, Buckner RL, Kelley WM, Petersen SE. An event-related fMRI study of overt and covert word stem completion. Neuroimage 2001;14:182–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Liégois F, Connelly A, Salmond CH, Gadian DG, Vargha-Khadem F, Baldeweg T. A direct test for lateralization of language activation using fMRI: Comparison with invasive assessments in children with epilepsy. Neuroimage 2002;17:1861–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. Raichle ME, Fiez JA, Videen TO, et al. Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cereb Cortex 1994;4:8–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Petersen SE, Fox PT, Posner MI, Mintun M, Raichle ME. Positron emission tomographic studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing. Nature 1988;331:585–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Malach R, Reppas JB, Benson RR, et al. Object-related activity revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging in human occipital cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:8135–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Kanwisher N, Woods R, Iacoboni M, Mazziotta J. A locus in human extrastriate cortex for visual shape analysis. J Cogn Neurosci 1996;91:133–42.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Grill-Spector K, Kushnir T, Edelman S, Avidian-Carmel G, Itzchak Y, Malach R. Differential processing of objects under various viewing conditions in the human lateral occipital complex. Neuron 1999;24:187–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Bookheimer SY, Zeffiro TA, Blaxton T, Gaillard T, Theodore W. Regional cerebral blood flow during object naming and word reading. Hum Brain Mapp 1995;3:93–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  210. Martin A, Wiggs CL, Ungerleider LG, Haxby JV. Neural correlates of category-specific knowledge. Nature 1996;379:649–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Price CJ, Moore CJ, Humphreys GW, Frackowiak RSJ, Friston KJ. The neural regions sustaining object recognition and naming. Proc Royal Soc Lond B 1996;263:1501–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Zelkowicz BJ, Herbster AN, Nebes RD, Mintun MA, Becker JT. An examination of regional cerebral blood flow during object naming tasks. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 1998;4:160–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Murtha S, Chertkow H, Beauregard M, Evans A. The neural substrate of picture naming. J Cogn Neurosci 1999;11:399–423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Kiasawa M, Inoue C, Kawasaki T, et al. Functional neuroanatomy of object naming: A PET study. Graefes Archives of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1996;234:110–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  215. Carpentier A, Pugh KR, Westerveld M, et al. Functional MRI of language processing: Dependence on input modality and temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2001;42:1241–54.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Devlin JT, Russell RP, Davis MH, et al. Is there an anatomical basis for category-specificity? Semantic memory studies with PET and fMRI. Neuropsychologia 2002;40:54–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  217. Xu B, Grafman J, Gaillard WD, et al. Neuroimaging reveals automatic speech coding during perception of written word meaning. Neuroimage 2002;17:859–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  218. Mummery CJ, Patterson K, Hodges JR, Price CJ. Functional neuroanatomy of the semantic system: Divisible by what? J Cogn Neurosci 1998;10:766–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Chee MWL, O’Craven KM, Bergida R, Rosen BR, Savoy RL. Auditory and visual word processing studied with fMRI. Hum Brain Mapp 1999;7:15–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Miceli G. The neural correlates of grammatical gender: An fMRI investigation. J Cogn Neurosci 2002;14:618–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  221. Herbster AN, Mintun MA, Nebes RD, Becker JT. Regional cerebral blood flow during word and nonword reading. Hum Brain Mapp 1997;5:84–92.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Chee MW, Caplan D, Soon CS, et al. Processing of visually presented sentences in Mandarin and English studied with fMRI. Neuron 1999;23:127–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Démonet JF, Wise R, Frackowiak RSJ. Language functions explored in normal subjects by positron emission tomography: A critical review. Hum Brain Mapp 1993;1:39–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  224. Fiez JA. Phonology, semantics and the role of the left inferior prefrontal cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 1997;5:79–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Poldrack RA, Wagner AD, Prull MW, Desmond JE, Glover GH, Gabrieli JDE. Functional specialization for semantic and phonological processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 1999;10:15–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Gold BT, Buckner RL. Common prefrontal regions coactivate with dissociable posterior regions during controlled semantic and phonological tasks. Neuron 2002;35:803–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Henson RNA, Price CJ, Rugg MD, Turner R, Friston KJ. Detecting latency differences in event-related BOLD responses: Application to words versus nonwords and initial versus repeated face presentations. Neuroimage 2002;15:83–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Mechelli A, Gorno-Tempini ML, Price CJ. Neuroimaging studies of word and pseudoword reading: Consistencies, inconsistencies, and limitations. J Cogn Neurosci 2003;15:260–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  229. Braver TS, Cohen JD, Nystrom LE, Jonides J, Smith EE, Noll DC. A parametric study of prefrontal cortex involvement in human working memory. Neuroimage 1997;5:49–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Honey GD, Bullmore ET, Sharma T. Prolonged reaction time to a verbal working memory task predicts increased power of posterior parietal cortical activation. Neuroimage 2000;12:495–503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Adler CM, Sax KW, Holland SK, Schmithorst V, Rosenberg L, Strakowski SM. Changes in neuronal activation with increasing attention demand in healthy volunteers: An fMRI study. Synapse 2001;42:266–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Braver TS, Barch DM, Gray JR, Molfese DL, Snyder A. Anterior cingulate cortex and response conflict: Effects of frequency, inhibition and errors. Cereb Cortex 2001;11:825–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Ullsperger M, von Cramon DY. Subprocesses of performance monitoring: A dissociation of error processing and response competition revealed by event-related fMRI and ERPs. Neuroimage 2001;14:1387–401.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Binder JR, Liebenthal E, Possing ET, Medler DA, Ward BD. Neural correlates of sensory and decision processes in auditory object identification. Nat Neurosci 2004;7:295–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Desai R, Conant LL, Waldron E, Binder JR. FMRI of past tense processing: The effects of phonological complexity and task difficulty. J Cogn Neurosci 2006;18:278–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

My thanks to Lisa Conant, Rutvik Desai, Thomas Hammeke, Colin Humphries, Einat Liebenthal, Merav Sabri, David Sabsevitz, Sara Swanson and other colleagues in the Language Imaging Laboratory at MCW for many clarifying and thought-provoking discussions on the issues discussed in this chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Language Imaging Laboratory, Departments of Neurology and Biophysics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, MEB Rm. 4550, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA

    Jeffrey R. Binder

Authors
  1. Jeffrey R. Binder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeffrey R. Binder .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ospedale San Raffaele, Università Milano-Bicocca, Via Olgettina 60, Milano, 20132, Italy

    Massimo Filippi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Binder, J.R. (2009). fMRI of Language Systems. In: Filippi, M. (eds) fMRI Techniques and Protocols. Neuromethods, vol 41. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-919-2_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-919-2_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-918-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-919-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation