Skip to main content

The Pneumococcus and Its Critical Role in Public Health

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Streptococcus pneumoniae

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1968))

Abstract

Streptococcus pneumoniae is one of the commonest bacteria that cause morbidity and mortality in children and the elderly. The two extremes of age and individuals with underlying disease are particularly at risk of developing pneumococcal disease. The pneumococcus is responsible for a wide range of infectious diseases, ranging from mild, non-invasive infections such as otitis media and sinusitis, to more severe infections including pneumonia, septicemia, and meningitis. Despite the licensure of highly effective pneumococcal conjugate vaccines, the control of pneumococcal disease is still challenging. Here we describe the critical role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in public health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. O’Brien KL, Wolfson LJ, Watt JP, Henkle E, Deloria-Knoll M, McCall N et al (2009) Burden of disease caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children younger than 5 years: global estimates. Lancet 374(9693):893–902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. World Health Organization (2007) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization - WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 82(12):93–104

    Google Scholar 

  3. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (2017) Invasive pneumococcal disease. Stockholm. https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/invasive-pneumococcal-disease-annual-epidemiological-report-2017. Accessed 12 May 2018

  4. Edmond K, Clark A, Korczak VS et al (2010) Global and regional risk of disabling sequelae from bacterial meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 10:317–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Ramakrishnan M, Ulland AJ, Steinhardt LC, Moïsi JC, Were F et al (2009) Sequelae due to bacterial meningitis among African children: a systematic literature review. BMC Med 7(1):47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Jauneikaite E, Tocheva AS, Jefferies JM, Gladstone RA, Faust SN, Christodoulides M et al (2015) Current methods for capsular typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Microbiol Methods 113:41–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2015.03.006. Epub 2015 Mar 25

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kapatai G, Sheppard CL, Al-Shahib A, Litt DJ, Underwood AP, Harrison TG et al (2016) Whole genome sequencing of Streptococcus pneumoniae: development, evaluation and verification of targets for serogroup and serotype prediction using an automated pipeline. PeerJ 4:e2477. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2477. eCollection 2016

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Sternberg GM (1881) A fatal form of septicaemia in the rabbit produced by the subcutaneous injection of human saliva: an experimental research. John Murphy Co., Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  9. Pasteur L (1881) Sur une maladie nouvelle, provoqué par la salive dún enfant mort de la rage. C R Acad Sci 92:159

    Google Scholar 

  10. Winslow CE, Broadhurst J, Buchanan RE, Krumwiede C, Rogers LA, Smith GH (1920) The families and genera of the bacteria: final report of the committee of the society of American bacteriologists on characterization and classification of bacterial types. J Bacteriol 5(3):191–229

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Avery OT, Dubos R (1931) The protective action of a specific enzyme against type III pneumococcus infections in mice. J Exp Med 54:73–89

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Smillie WG, Warnock GH, White HJ (1938) A study of a type I pneumococcus epidemic at the state hospital at Worcester, Mass. Am J Public Health Nations Health 28(3):293–302

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Fleming A (1929) On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillin, with special reference to their use in isolation of B. influenzae. Br J Exp Pathol 10(3):226–236

    CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Keefer CS, Blake FG, Marshall EK Jr, Lockwood JS, Wood BW Jr (1943) Penicillin in the treatment of infections: a report of 500 cases. JAMA 122:1217–1224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Jacobs MR, Koornhof HJ, Robins-Browne RM et al (1978) Emergence of multiply resistant pneumococci. N Engl J Med 299:735–740

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Stryker LM (1916) Variations in the pneumococcus induced by growth in immune serum. J Exp Med 24:49–68

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Hotchkiss RD (1951) Transfer of penicillin resistance in pneumococci by the desoxyribonucleate derived from resistant cultures. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 16:457–461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Hausdorff WP, Bryant J, Paradiso PR, Siber GR (2000) Which pneumococcal serogroups cause the most invasive disease: implications for conjugate vaccine formulation and use, part I. Clin Infect Dis 30(1):100–121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Robbins JB, Austrian R, Lee CJ, Rastogi SC, Schiffman G, Henrichsen J et al (1983) Considerations for formulating the second-generation pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine with emphasis on the cross-reactive types within groups. J Infect Dis 148(6):1136–1159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Van Hoek AJ, Sheppard CL, Andrews NJ, Waight PA, Slack MPE, Harrison TG et al (2014) Pneumococcal carriage in children and adults two years after introduction of the thirteen valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in England. Vaccine 32(34):4349–4355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Lexau CA, Lynfield R, Danila R, Pilishvili T, Facklam R, Farley MM et al (2005) Changing epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease among older adults in the era of pediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. JAMA 294(16):2043–2051

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (2000) Preventing pneumococcal disease among infants and young children. Recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 49(RR-9):1–35

    Google Scholar 

  23. Deutscher M, Lewis M, Zell ER, Taylor TH Jr, Van Beneden C et al (2011) Incidence and severity of invasive streptococcus pneumoniae, group A streptococcus, and group B streptococcus infections among pregnant and postpartum women. Clin Infect Dis 53(2):114–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ladhani SN, Andrews NJ, Waight P, Borrow R, Slack MP, Miller E (2012) Impact of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on invasive pneumococcal disease in infants younger than 90 days in England and Wales. Clin Infect Dis 56(5):633–640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kronenberg A, Zucs P, Droz S, Muhlemann K (2006) Distribution and invasiveness of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Switzerland, a country with low antibiotic selection pressure, from 2001 to 2004. J Clin Microbiol 44(6):2032–2038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Sleeman KL, Griffiths D, Shackley F, Diggle L, Gupta S, Maiden MC et al (2006) Capsular serotype-specific attack rates and duration of carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a population of children. J Infect Dis 194(5):682–688

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Brueggemann AB, Griffiths DT, Meats E, Peto T, Crook DW et al (2003) Clonal relationships between invasive and carriage Streptococcus pneumoniae and serotype- and clone-specific differences in invasive disease potential. J Infect Dis 187(9):1424–1432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sá-Leão R, Pinto F, Aguiar S, Nunes S, Carriço JA, Frazão N et al (2011) Analysis of invasiveness of pneumococcal serotypes and clones circulating in Portugal before widespread use of conjugate vaccines reveals heterogeneous behavior of clones expressing the same serotype. J Clin Microbiol 49(4):1369–1375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Rivera-Olivero IA, del Nogal B, Sisco MC, Bogaert D, Hermans PW et al (2011) Carriage and invasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Caracas, Venezuela: the relative invasiveness of serotypes and vaccine coverage. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 30(12):1489–1495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Yildirim I, Hanage WP, Lipsitch M, Shea KM, Stevenson A, Finkelstein J et al (2010) Serotype specific invasive capacity and persistent reduction in invasive pneumococcal disease. Vaccine 29:283–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Harboe ZB, Thomsen RW, Riis A, Valentiner-Branth P, Christensen JJ, Lambertsen L et al (2009) Pneumococcal serotypes and mortality following invasive pneumococcal disease: a population-based cohort study. PLoS Med 6(5):e1000081–e1000081

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Weinberger DM, Harboe ZB, Sanders EAM, Ndiritu M, Klugman KP, Rückinger S et al (2010) Association of serotype with risk of death due to pneumococcal pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 51(6):692–699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Oligbu G, Djennad A, Collins S, Sheppard NK, Fry NK, Borrow R et al (2018) Impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on pneumococcal meningitis in England and Wales, 2000–2016. Arch Dis Child 103:A22

    Google Scholar 

  34. Tomasz A (1997) Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 24(Supplement_1):S85–S88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Oligbu G, Collins S, Sheppard CL, Fry NK, Slack M, Borrow R et al (2017) Childhood deaths attributable to invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales, 2006–2014. Clin Infect Dis 65(2):308–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ladhani SN, Slack MP, Andrews NJ, Waight PA, Borrow R, Miller E (2013) Invasive pneumococcal disease after routine pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in children England and Wales. Emerg Infect Dis 19(1):61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Singleton RJ, Hennessy TW, Bulkow LR, Hammitt LL, Zulz T, Hurlburt DA et al (2007) Invasive pneumococcal disease caused by nonvaccine serotypes among Alaska native children with high levels of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine coverage. JAMA 297(16):1784–1792

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013) Active bacterial core surveillance report, emerging infections program network, streptococcus pneumoniae, 2011. Accessed 12 May 2018

    Google Scholar 

  39. Nuorti JP, Whitney CG (2010) Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and children: use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (ACIP). Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 59(RR-11):1–18

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Van Hoek AJ, Andrews N, Waight PA, Stowe J, Gates P, George R et al (2012) The effect of underlying clinical conditions on the risk of developing invasive pneumococcal disease in England. J Infect 65(1):17–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Bliss SJ, O’Brien KL, Janoff EN, Cotton MF, Musoke P, Coovadia H et al (2008) The evidence for using conjugate vaccines to protect HIV-infected children against pneumococcal disease. Lancet Infect Dis 8:67–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Nunes MC, Von Gottberg A, de Gouveia L et al (2011) The impact of antiretroviral treatment on the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in South African children: a time series analysis. AIDS 25(4):453–462

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Oligbu G, Collins S, Sheppard C, Fry N, Dick M, Streetly A, Ladhani S. (2018). Risk of Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children with Sickle Cell Disease in England: A National Observational Cohort Study, 2010–2015. Archives of disease in childhood, 103(7):643–647

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Godwin Oligbu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Oligbu, G., Fry, N.K., Ladhani, S.N. (2019). The Pneumococcus and Its Critical Role in Public Health. In: Iovino, F. (eds) Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1968. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9199-0_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9199-0_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9198-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9199-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics