Abstract
Meconium, the first stool of a newborn, can be analyzed to identify prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse. Meconium accumulates in a fetus during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy providing a wide window of exposure. Identification of in utero drug exposure is essential for the diagnosis and treatment of infants for dependency/withdrawal caused from the exposure. However, testing of meconium samples is often cumbersome and time-consuming. Unlike liquid samples, meconium is a viscous, semisolid, tar-like substance that needs to be individually weighed prior to extraction. Additionally, the meconium matrix is not homogeneous and not easily mixed or extracted. A method for analyzing cocaine and metabolites as well as amphetamines in meconium utilizing ceramic homogenizers prior to salt-assisted liquid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is presented.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
SAMHSA (2016) Results from the 2015 national survey on drug use and health: detailed tables. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015.pdf. Accessed 21 June 2017
Huestis MA, Choo RE (2002) Drug abuse’s smallest victims: in utero drug exposure. Forensic Sci Int 128:20–30
Płotka J, Narkowicz S, Polkowska Ż, Biziuk M, Namieśnik J (2014) Effects of addictive substances during pregnancy and infancy and their analysis in biological materials. In: Whitacre D (ed) Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology, vol 227. Springer International Publishing, Basel, Switzerland
Narkowicz S, Płotka J, Polkowska Ż, Biziuk M, Namieśnik J (2013) Prenatal exposure to substance of abuse: a worldwide problem. Environ Int 54:141–163
Lozano J, Garcia-Algar O, Vall O, Torre R, Scaravelli G, Pichini S (2007) Biological matrices for the evaluation of in utero exposure to drugs of abuse. Ther Drug Monit 29:711–734
Mantovani Cde C, Lima MB, Oliveira CD, Menck Rde A, Diniz EM, Yonamine M (2014) Development and practical application of accelerated solvent extraction for the isolation of cocaine/crack biomarkers in meconium. J Chromatogr B 957:14–23
Gray TR, Kelly T, LaGasse LL et al (2009) Novel biomarkers of prenatal methamphetamine exposure in human meconium. Ther Drug Monit 31:70–75
Bordin D, Alves M, Cabices O et al (2014) A rapid assay for the simultaneous determination of nicotine, cocaine and metabolites in meconium using disposable pipette extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 38:31–38
Cabarcos P, Tabernero J Alvarez I et al (2012) A new method for quantifying prenatal exposure to ethanol by microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of meconium followed by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 404:147–155
Valente IM, Gonçalves LM, Rodrigues JA (2013) Another glimpse over the salting—out assisted liquid—liquid extraction in acetonitrile/water mixtures. J Chromatogr A 1308:58–62
Miller AM, Goggin MM, Nguyen A, Gozum SD, Janis GC (2017) Profiting from probability; combining low and high probability isotopes as a tool extending the dynamic range of an assay measuring AMPHETAMINE and methamphetamine in urine. J Anal Toxicol 41:355–359
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Goggin, M.M., Janis, G.C. (2019). Salt-Assisted Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Meconium for Analysis of Cocaine and Amphetamines by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. In: Langman, L., Snozek, C. (eds) LC-MS in Drug Analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1872. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8823-5_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8823-5_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8822-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-8823-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols