The LINC Complex pp 163-180 | Cite as
Genetic Analysis of Nuclear Migration and Anchorage to Study LINC Complexes During Development of Caenorhabditis elegans
- 3 Citations
- 1 Mentions
- 817 Downloads
Abstract
Studying nuclear positioning in developing tissues of the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans greatly contributed to the discovery of SUN and KASH proteins and the formation of the LINC model. Such studies continue to make important contributions into both how LINC complexes are regulated and how defects in LINC components disrupt normal development. The methods described explain how to observe and quantify the following: nuclear migration in embryonic dorsal hypodermal cells, nuclear migration through constricted spaces in larval P cells, nuclear positioning in the embryonic intestinal primordia, and nuclear anchorage in syncytial hypodermal cells. These methods will allow others to employ nuclear positioning in C. elegans as a model to further explore LINC complex regulation and function.
Key words
LINC KASH SUN C. elegans Nuclear migration Nuclear anchorage Nuclear envelopeNotes
Acknowledgments
We thank past and present members of the Starr and Hermann labs for the continual development of these assays over the past 15 years. We thank Courtney Bone for the image in Fig. 2C and Venecia Valdez, Hongyan Hao, and Linda Ma for commenting on the manuscript. Studies in the Starr Lab are supported by the National Institutes of Health grant R01 GM073874. Studies in the Hermann lab are supported by the National Science Foundation grant MCB1613804 and the National Institutes of Health grant R15 GM120639.
References
- 1.Bone CR, Starr DA (2016) Nuclear migration events throughout development. J Cell Sci 129:1951–1961. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.179788CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 2.Gundersen GG, Worman HJ (2013) Nuclear positioning. Cell 152:1376–1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.02.031CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 3.Starr DA, Fridolfsson HN (2010) Interactions between nuclei and the cytoskeleton are mediated by SUN-KASH nuclear-envelope bridges. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 26:421–444. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100109-104037CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 4.Tapley EC, Starr DA (2013) Connecting the nucleus to the cytoskeleton by SUN-KASH bridges across the nuclear envelope. Curr Opin Cell Biol 25:57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2012.10.014CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 5.Luxton GG, Starr DA (2014) KASHing up with the nucleus: novel functional roles of KASH proteins at the cytoplasmic surface of the nucleus. Curr Opin Cell Biol 28:69–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceb.2014.03.002CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 6.Horvitz HR, Sulston J (1980) Isolation and genetic characterization of cell-lineage mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 96:435–454PubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 7.Hedgecock EM, Thomson JN (1982) A gene required for nuclear and mitochondrial attachment in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Cell 30:321–330CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 8.Malone CJ, Fixsen WD, Horvitz HR et al (1999) UNC-84 localizes to the nuclear envelope and is required for nuclear migration and anchoring during C. elegans development. Development 126:3171–3181PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 9.Starr DA, Han M (2002) Role of ANC-1 in tethering nuclei to the actin cytoskeleton. Science 298:406–409. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1075119CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 10.Starr DA, Hermann GJ, Malone CJ et al (2001) unc-83 encodes a novel component of the nuclear envelope and is essential for proper nuclear migration. Development 128:5039–5050PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 11.McGee MD, Rillo R, Anderson AS et al (2006) UNC-83 IS a KASH protein required for nuclear migration and is recruited to the outer nuclear membrane by a physical interaction with the SUN protein UNC-84. Mol Biol Cell 17:1790–1801. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E05-09-0894CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 12.Williams-Masson EM, Heid PJ, Lavin CA et al (1998) The cellular mechanism of epithelial rearrangement during morphogenesis of the Caenorhabditis elegans dorsal hypodermis. Dev Biol 204:263–276. https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1998.9048CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 13.Chisholm AD, Hsiao TI (2012) The Caenorhabditis elegansepidermis as a model skin. I: development, patterning, and growth. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol 1:861–878. https://doi.org/10.1002/wdev.79CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 14.Sulston JE, Schierenberg E, White JG et al (1983) The embryonic cell lineage of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Biol 100:64–119CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 15.Fridolfsson HN, Starr DA (2010) Kinesin-1 and dynein at the nuclear envelope mediate the bidirectional migrations of nuclei. J Cell Biol 191:115–128. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201004118CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 16.Bone CR, Chang Y-T, Cain NE et al (2016) Nuclei migrate through constricted spaces using microtubule motors and actin networks in C. elegans hypodermal cells. Development 143:4193–4202. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.141192CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 17.Shah P, Wolf K, Lammerding J (2017) Bursting the Bubble—Nuclear Envelope Rupture as a Path to Genomic Instability? Trends Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2017.02.008
- 18.Ungricht R, Kutay U (2017) Mechanisms and functions of nuclear envelope remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 18:229–245. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm.2016.153CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 19.Chang Y-T, Dranow D, Kuhn J et al (2013) toca-1 is in a novel pathway that functions in parallel with a SUN-KASH nuclear envelope bridge to move nuclei in Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics 193:187–200. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.112.146589CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 20.Leung B, Hermann GJ, Priess JR (1999) Organogenesis of the Caenorhabditis elegans intestine. Dev Biol 216:114–134. https://doi.org/10.1006/dbio.1999.9471CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 21.Malone CJ, Misner L, Le Bot N et al (2003) The C. elegans hook protein, ZYG-12, mediates the essential attachment between the centrosome and nucleus. Cell 115:825–836CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 22.Meyerzon M, Gao Z, Liu J et al (2009) Centrosome attachment to the C. elegans male pronucleus is dependent on the surface area of the nuclear envelope. Dev Biol 327:433–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.12.030CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 23.Zhou K, Rolls MM, Hall DH et al (2009) A ZYG-12-dynein interaction at the nuclear envelope defines cytoskeletal architecture in the C. elegans gonad. J Cell Biol 186:229–241. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200902101CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 24.Hall DH, Altun ZF (2008) C. Elegans Atlas, 1st edn. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NYGoogle Scholar
- 25.Plenefisch J, Xiao H, Mei B et al (2000) Secretion of a novel class of iFABPs in nematodes: coordinate use of the Ascaris/Caenorhabditis model systems. Mol Biochem Parasitol 105:223–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-6851(99)00179-6CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 26.Doonan R, Hatzold J, Raut S et al (2008) HLH-3 is a C. elegans Achaete/Scute protein required for differentiation of the hermaphrodite-specific motor neurons. Mech Dev 125:883–893. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mod.2008.06.002CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 27.Liu Z, Kirch S, Ambros V (1995) The Caenorhabditis elegans heterochronic gene pathway controls stage-specific transcription of collagen genes. Development 121:2471–2478. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6494891CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 28.Stiernagle T (2006) Maintenance of C. elegans (February 11, 2006), WormBook, ed. The C. elegans Research Community, WormBook. https://doi.org/10.1895/wormbook.1.101.1
- 29.Moorthy S, Chen L, Bennett V (2000) Caenorhabditis elegans β-G spectrin is dispensable for establishment of epithelial polarity, but essential for muscular and neuronal function. J Cell Biol 149:915–930. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.149.4.915CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 30.Schindelin J, Rueden CT, Hiner MC et al (2015) The ImageJ ecosystem: an open platform for biomedical image analysis. Mol Reprod Dev 82:518–529. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22489CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 31.Bone CR, Tapley EC, Gorjanacz M et al (2014) The Caenorhabditis elegans SUN protein UNC-84 interacts with lamin to transfer forces from the cytoplasm to the nucleoskeleton during nuclear migration. Mol Biol Cell 25:2853–2865. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E14-05-0971CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 32.McIntire SL, Reimer RJ, Schuske K et al (1997) Identification and characterization of the vesicular GABA transporter. Nature 389:870–876. https://doi.org/10.1038/39908CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 33.Gysi S, Rhiner C, Flibotte S et al (2013) A network of HSPG core proteins and HS modifying enzymes regulates netrin-dependent guidance of D-type motor neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS One 8:e74908. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074908CrossRefPubMedCentralPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 34.Schuske K, Beg AA, Jorgensen EM (2004) The GABA nervous system in C. elegans. Trends Neurosci 27:407–414CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 35.Porta-de-la-Riva M, Fontrodona L, Villanueva A et al (2012) Basic Caenorhabditis elegans methods: synchronization and observation. J Vis Exp. https://doi.org/10.3791/4019
- 36.Chai Y, Li W, Feng G, Yang Y et al (2012) Live imaging of cellular dynamics during Caenorhabditis elegans postembryonic development. Nat Protoc 7:2090–2102. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2012.128CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 37.Fay DS (2013) Classical genetic methods. WormBook 30:1–58. https://doi.org/10.1895/wormbook.1.165.1CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 38.D’Alessandro M, Hnia K, Gache V et al (2015) Amphiphysin 2 orchestrates nucleus positioning and shape by linking the nuclear envelope to the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Dev Cell 35:186–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.devcel.2015.09.018CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar