Skip to main content

Stroke

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Clinical Trials in Neurology

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 138))

Abstract

This book chapter aims to discuss the methodology and design of the 100 most highly cited clinical trials in Stroke. We analyzed the main topics of stroke clinical trials aiming to provide insights and valuable information that may improve the development of future trials. We systematically reviewed the 100 most highly cited clinical trials in stroke between the years 2010 and 2015 using the web engine “Web of Science.” A systematic analysis of the 100 most cited clinical trials in stroke based on the CONSORT criteria is discussed; in addition, a summary of all the topics regarding the design of a trial in stroke is provided.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Birschel P, Ellul J, Barer D (2004) Progressing stroke: towards an internationally agreed definition. Cerebrovasc Dis 17:242–252. https://doi.org/10.1159/000076161

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Sacco RL, Kasner SE, Broderick JP et al (2013) An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 44:2064–2089. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0b013e318296aeca

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kunst MM, Schaefer PW (2011) Ischemic stroke. Radiol Clin North Am 49:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2010.07.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Mehndiratta P, Chapman Smith S, Worrall BB (2015) Etiologic stroke subtypes: updated definition and efficient workup strategies. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 17:357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-014-0357-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Smith EE, Rosand J, Greenberg SM (2005) Hemorrhagic stroke. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 15:259–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nic.2005.05.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Runchey S, McGee S (2010) Does this patient have a hemorrhagic stroke?: clinical findings distinguishing hemorrhagic stroke from ischemic stroke. JAMA 303:2280–2286. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Smith SD, Eskey CJ (2011) Hemorrhagic stroke. Radiol Clin North Am 49:27–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcl.2010.07.011

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Das K, Mondal GP, Dutta AK et al (2007) Awareness of warning symptoms and risk factors of stroke in the general population and in survivors stroke. J Clin Neurosci 14:12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2005.12.049

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Judd SE, Kleindorfer DO, McClure LA et al (2013) Self-report of stroke, transient ischemic attack, or stroke symptoms and risk of future stroke in the reasons for geographic and racial differences in stroke (REGARDS) study. Stroke 44:55–60. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.675033

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kleindorfer D, Judd S, Howard VJ et al (2011) Self-reported stroke symptoms without a prior diagnosis of stroke or transient ischemic attack: a powerful new risk factor for stroke. Stroke 42:3122–3126. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.612937

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Glymour MM, Maselko J, Gilman SE et al (2010) Depressive symptoms predict incident stroke independently of memory impairments. Neurology 75:2063–2070. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318200d70e

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kothari R, Sauerbeck L, Jauch E et al (1997) Patients’ awareness of stroke signs, symptoms, and risk factors. Stroke 28:1871–1875. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.28.10.1871

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wall HK, Beagan BM, O’Neill J et al (2008) Addressing stroke signs and symptoms through public education: the Stroke Heroes Act FAST campaign. Prev Chronic Dis 5:A49

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Lisabeth LD, Brown DL, Hughes R et al (2009) Acute stroke symptoms: comparing women and men. Stroke 40:2031–2036. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.546812

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Howard VJ, Lackland DT, Lichtman JH et al (2008) Care seeking after stroke symptoms. Ann Neurol 63:466–472. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21357

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Tyson SF, Hanley M, Chillala J et al (2006) Balance disability after stroke. Phys Ther 86:30–38. pii: 16386060

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Adamson J, Beswick A, Ebrahim S (2004) Is stroke the most common cause of disability? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 13:171–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2004.06.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Goljar N, Burger H, Vidmar G et al (2010) Functioning and disability in stroke. Disabil Rehabil 32(Suppl 1):S50–S58. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638288.2010.517598

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS et al (2015) Heart disease and stroke statistics--2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 131:e21. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Feigin VL, Lawes CMM, Bennett DA, Anderson CS (2003) Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century. Lancet Neurol 2:43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(03)00266-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Mas JL, Zuber M (2005) Epidemiology of ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 28:335–359. https://doi.org/10.1159/000108879

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Wolf PA, Kannel WB (2011) Epidemiology of stroke. In: Stroke. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp 198–218

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  23. Mukherjee D, Patil CG (2011) Epidemiology and the global burden of stroke. World Neurosurg 76:S85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2011.07.023

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Hummel FC, Cohen LG (2006) Non-invasive brain stimulation: a new strategy to improve neurorehabilitation after stroke? Lancet Neurol 5:708–712

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Di Carlo A (2009) Human and economic burden of stroke. Age Ageing 38:4–5. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D et al (2010) CONSORT 2010 statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials (Chinese version). J Chinese Integr Med 8:604–612. https://doi.org/10.3736/jcim20100702

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Moniche F, Gonzalez A, Gonzalez-Marcos J-R et al (2012) Intra-arterial bone marrow mononuclear cells in ischemic stroke: a pilot clinical trial. Stroke 43:2242–2244. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.659409

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Battistella V, De Freitas GR, Dias V et al (2011) Safety of autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell transplantation in patients with nonacute ischemic stroke. Regen Med 6:45–52

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hori M, Connolly SJ, Zhu J et al (2013) Dabigatran versus warfarin: effects on ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes and bleeding in Asians and non-Asians with atrial fibrillation. Stroke 44:1891–1896. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.113.000990

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Saver JL, Jahan R, Levy EI et al (2012) Solitaire flow restoration device versus the Merci Retriever in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (SWIFT): a randomised, parallel-group, non-inferiority trial. Lancet 380:1241–1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61384-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Meng R, Asmaro K, Meng L et al (2012) Upper limb ischemic preconditioning prevents recurrent stroke in intracranial arterial stenosis. Neurology 79:1853–1861. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e318271f76a

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Dimyan MA, Cohen LG (2011) Neuroplasticity in the context of motor rehabilitation after stroke. Nat Rev Neurol 7:76–85. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2010.200

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Murphy TH, Corbett D (2009) Plasticity during stroke recovery: from synapse to behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:861–872. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2735

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Dromerick AW, Edwardson MA, Edwards DF et al (2015) Critical periods after stroke study: translating animal stroke recovery experiments into a clinical trial. Front Hum Neurosci 9:231. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00231

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Barwood CHS, Murdoch BE, Whelan BM et al (2011) Improved language performance subsequent to low-frequency rTMS in patients with chronic non-fluent aphasia post-stroke. Eur J Neurol 18:935–943. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03284.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Emara TH, Moustafa RR, Elnahas NM et al (2010) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation at 1Hz and 5Hz produces sustained improvement in motor function and disability after ischaemic stroke. Eur J Neurol 17:1203–1209. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03000.x

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Avenanti A, Coccia M, Ladavas E et al (2012) Low-frequency rTMS promotes use-dependent motor plasticity in chronic stroke: a randomized trial. Neurology 78:256–264. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182436558

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Chang WH, Kim Y-H, Bang OY et al (2010) Long-term effects of rTMS on motor recovery in patients after subacute stroke. J Rehabil Med 42:758–764. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0590

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Kim D-Y, Lim J-Y, Kang EK et al (2010) Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on motor recovery in patients with subacute stroke. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 89:879–886. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181f70aa7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Easton JD, Lopes RD, Bahit MC et al (2012) Apixaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a subgroup analysis of the ARISTOTLE trial. Lancet Neurol 11:503–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70092-3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Hankey GJ, Patel MR, Stevens SR et al (2012) Rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a subgroup analysis of ROCKET AF. Lancet Neurol 11:315–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70042-X

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Shinohara Y, Katayama Y, Uchiyama S et al (2010) Cilostazol for prevention of secondary stroke (CSPS 2): an aspirin-controlled, double-blind, randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol 9:959–968. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70198-8

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ware RE, Helms RW, Investigators S (2015) Stroke with transfusions changing to hydroxyurea. Blood 119:3925–3933. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-11-392340.There

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Cumming TB, Thrift AG, Collier JM et al (2011) Very early mobilization after stroke fast-tracks return to walking: further results from the phase II AVERT randomized controlled trial. Stroke 42:153–158. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.594598

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kidwell CS, Jahan R, Gornbein J et al (2013) A trial of imaging selection and endovascular treatment for ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 368:914–923. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1212793

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Khatri P, Yeatts SD, Mazighi M et al (2014) Time to angiographic reperfusion and clinical outcome after acute ischaemic stroke: an analysis of data from the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS III) phase 3 trial. Lancet Neurol 13:567–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70066-3

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Lefaucheur J-P, André-Obadia N, Antal A et al (2014) Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Clin Neurophysiol 125:2150–2206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2014.05.021

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Weitz JI, Connolly SJ, Patel I et al (2010) Randomised, parallel-group, multicentre, multinational phase 2 study comparing edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, with warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost 104:633–641. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH10-01-0066

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Olsson SB, Rasmussen LH, Tveit A et al (2010) Safety and tolerability of an immediate-release formulation of theoral direct thrombin inhibitor AZD0837 in the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost 103:604–612. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH09-07-0509

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Baker K, Cano SJ, Playford ED (2011) Outcome measurement in stroke: a scale selection strategy. Stroke 42:1787–1794. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.608505

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Gladstone DJ, Danells CJ, Black SE (2002) The Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor recovery after stroke: a critical review of its measurement properties. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 16:232–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/154596802401105171

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Pandian S, Arya KN, Kumar D (2016) Minimal clinically important difference of the lower-extremity fugl-meyer assessment in chronic-stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 23:233–239. https://doi.org/10.1179/1945511915Y.0000000003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Chan AW, Tetzlaff JM, Altman DG et al (2013) SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann Intern Med 158:200–207. https://doi.org/10.7507/1672-2531.20130256

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Sankoh AJ (1999) Interim analyses: an update of an FDA reviewer’s experience and perspective. Drug Inf J 33:165–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/009286159903300120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Geller NL, Pocock SJ (1987) Interim analyses in randomized clinical trials: ramifications and guidelines for practitioners. Biometrics 43:213–223. https://doi.org/10.2307/2531962

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E et al (2010) Effects of β blockers and calcium-channel blockers on within-individual variability in blood pressure and risk of stroke. Lancet Neurol 9:469–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70066-1

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Campbell BCV, Mitchell PJ, Kleinig TJ et al (2015) Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med 372:1009–1018. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1414792

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK et al (2015) Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 372:1019–1030. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1414905

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Fransen PS, Beumer D, Berkhemer OA, et al. MR CLEAN, a multicenter randomized clinical trial of endovasculartreatment for acute ischemic stroke in the Netherlands: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014;15:343 doi: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-343

    Google Scholar 

  60. Berkhemer OA, Fransen PSS, Beumer D et al (2015) A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 372:11–20. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1411587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Vickers AJ (2008) How to randomize. J Soc Integr Oncol 4:194–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2008.05.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Schulz KF (2015) Subverting randomization in controlled trials. JAMA 274(18):1456–1458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Wang YY, Zhao X, Liu L et al (2013) Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 369:11–19. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1215340

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Wallentin L, Lopes RD, Hanna M et al (2013) Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin at different levels of predicted international normalized ratio control for Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. Circulation 127:2166–2176. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.142158

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Duncan PW, Sullivan KJ, Behrman AL et al (2011) Body-weight-supported treadmill rehabilitation after stroke. N Engl J Med 364:2026–2036. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1010790

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hijazi Z, Oldgren J, Andersson U et al (2012) Cardiac biomarkers are associated with an increased risk of stroke and death in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulation therapy (RE-LY) substudy. Circulation 125:1605–1616. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.038729

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J et al (2011) Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365:883–891. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009638

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Everett BM, Glynn RJ, MacFadyen JG, Ridker PM (2010) Rosuvastatin in the prevention of stroke among men and women with elevated levels of C-reactive protein: justification for the use of statins in prevention: an intervention trial evaluating rosuvastatin (JUPITER). Circulation 121:143–150. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.874834

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Tilley BC, Palesch YY (2011) Conduct of stroke-related clinical trials. In: Stroke. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-5478-8.10060-0

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  70. Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Massaro J et al (2012) Closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale. N Engl J Med 366:991–999. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009639

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Fox KAA, Piccini JP, Wojdyla D et al (2011) Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism with rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and moderate renal impairment. Eur Heart J 32:2387–2394. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr342

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Sandset EC, Bath PMW, Boysen G et al (2011) The angiotensin-receptor blocker candesartan for treatment of acute stroke (SCAST): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Lancet 377:741–750. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60104-9

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Lip GYH, Frison L, Halperin JL, Lane DA (2010) Identifying patients at high risk for stroke despite anticoagulation: a comparison of contemporary stroke risk stratification schemes in an anticoagulated atrial fibrillation cohort. Stroke 41:2731–2738. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.590257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Piccini JP, Stevens SR, Chang Y et al (2013) Renal dysfunction as a predictor of stroke and systemic embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: validation of the R2CHADS2 index in the ROCKET AF. Circulation 127:224–232. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.107128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Patel MR, Hellkamp AS, Lokhnygina Y et al (2013) Outcomes of discontinuing rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 61:651–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.057

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. James SK, Storey RF, Khurmi NS et al (2012) Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes and a history of stroke or transient ischemic attack. Circulation 125:2914–2921. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.082727

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Wallentin L, Yusuf S, Ezekowitz MD et al (2010) Efficacy and safety of dabigatran compared with warfarin at different levels of international normalised ratio control for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: an analysis of the RE-LY trial. Lancet 376:975–983. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61194-4

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Diener H-C, Eikelboom J, Connolly SJ et al (2012) Apixaban versus aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a predefined subgroup analysis from AVERROES, a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 11:225–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70017-0

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Harrison JK, McArthur KS, Quinn TJ (2013) Assessment scales in stroke: clinimetric and clinical considerations. Clin Interv Aging 8:201–211. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S32405

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Barak S, Duncan PW (2006) Issues in selecting outcome measures to assess functional recovery after stroke. NeuroRx 3:505–524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nurx.2006.07.009

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Felipe Fregni .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Pinto, C.B., Saleh Velez, F.G., Fregni, F. (2018). Stroke. In: Fregni, F. (eds) Clinical Trials in Neurology. Neuromethods, vol 138. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7880-9_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7880-9_2

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7879-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7880-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics