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The MicroRNA

Protocol
First Online:
Part of the Methods in Molecular Biology book series (MIMB, volume 1733)

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs), widely distributed, small regulatory RNA genes, target both messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation and suppression of protein translation based on sequence complementarity between the miRNA and its targeted mRNA. Different names have been used to describe various types of miRNA. During evolution, RNA retroviruses or transgenes invaded the eukaryotic genome and were inserted itself in the noncoding regions of DNA, conceivably acting as transposon-like jumping genes, providing defense from viral invasion and fine-tuning of gene expression as a secondary level of gene modulation in eukaryotes. When a transposon is inserted in the intron, it becomes an intronic miRNA, taking advantage of the protein synthesis machinery, i.e., mRNA transcription and splicing, as a means for processing and maturation. MiRNAs have been found to play an important, but not life-threatening, role in embryonic development. They might play a pivotal role in diverse biological systems in various organisms, facilitating a quick response and accurate plotting of body physiology and structures. Based on these unique properties, manufactured intronic miRNAs have been developed for in vitro evaluation of gene function, in vivo gene therapy, and generation of transgenic animal models. The biogenesis of miRNAs, circulating miRNAs, miRNAs and cancer, iPSCs, and heart disease are presented in this chapter, highlighting some recent studies on these topics.

Key words

Small RNA Noncoding RNAs siRNA miRNA Intronic miRNA Transposons Biogenesis Mechanism Circulating miRNA Cancer iPSCs Heart disease Drug development 
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© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2018

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesUSA
  2. 2.WJWU & LYNN Institute for Stem Cell ResearchSanta Fe SpringsUSA
  3. 3.Division of Regenerative MedicineWJWU & LYNN Institute for Stem Cell ResearchSanta Fe SpringsUSA

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