Skip to main content

Enhancer Analyses Using Chicken Embryo Electroporation

  • Protocol
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1650))

Abstract

Chicken embryo electroporation is a powerful tool used to identify and analyze enhancers involved in developmental gene regulation. In this chapter, the basic procedures and underlying principles of enhancer analysis using chicken embryo electroporation are described in the following steps: (1) identification of enhancers in a wide genomic region, (2) determination of the full enhancer region, (3) definition of the core enhancer regions, and (4) analysis of a functional transcription factor binding sequences in the core region.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. Uchikawa M, Ishida Y, Takemoto T, Kamachi Y, Kondoh H (2003) Functional analysis of chicken Sox2 enhancers highlights an array of diverse regulatory elements that are conserved in mammals. Dev Cell 4:509–519

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kondoh H, Uchikawa M (2008) Dissection of chick genomic regulatory regions. Methods Cell Biol 87:313–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Muramatsu T, Mizutani Y, Okumura J (1996) Live detection of firefly luciferase gene espression by bioluminescence in incubating chicken embryos. Anim Sci Technol Jpn 67:906–909

    Google Scholar 

  4. Funahashi J, Okafuji T, Ohuchi H, Noji S, Tanaka H, Nakamura H (1999) Role of Pax-5 in the regulation of a mid-hindbrain organizer's activity. Dev Growth Differ 41:59–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Itasaki N, Bel-Vialar S, Krumlauf R (1999) ‘Shocking’ developments in chick embryology: electroporation and in ovo gene expression. Nat Cell Biol 1:E203–E207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Uchikawa M, Takemoto T, Kamachi Y, Kondoh H (2004) Efficient identification of regulatory sequences in the chicken genome by a powerful combination of embryo electroporation and genome comparison. Mech Dev 121:1145–1158

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hamburger V, Hamilton HL (1951) A series of normal stages in the development of the chick embryo. J Morphol 88:49–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Nishimura N, Kamimura Y, Ishida Y, Takemoto T, Kondoh H, Uchikawa M (2012) A systematic survey and characterization of enhancers that regulate Sox3 in neuro-sensory development in comparison with Sox2 enhancers. Biology (Basel) 1:714–735

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Iwafuchi-Doi M, Yoshida Y, Onichtchouk D, Leichsenring M, Driever W, Takemoto T, Uchikawa M, Kamachi Y, Kondoh H (2011) The Pou5f1/Pou3f-dependent but SoxB-independent regulation of conserved enhancer N2 initiates Sox2 expression during epiblast to neural plate stages in vertebrates. Dev Biol 352:354–366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Uchikawa M (2008) Enhancer analysis by chicken embryo electroporation with aid of genome comparison. Dev Growth Differ 50:467–474

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Uchikawa M, Takemoto T (2009) Enhancer analysis. In: Nakamura H (ed) Electroporation and sonoporation in developmental biology. Springer, Tokyo, pp 55–71

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  12. Matsumata M, Uchikawa M, Kamachi Y, Kondoh H (2005) Multiple N-cadherin enhancers identified by systematic functional screening indicate its group B1 SOX-dependent regulation in neural and placodal development. Dev Biol 286:601–617

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Chapman SC, Collignon J, Schoenwolf GC, Lumsden A (2001) Improved method for chick whole-embryo culture using a filter paper carrier. Dev Dyn 220:284–289

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Takemoto T, Uchikawa M, Kamachi Y, Kondoh H (2006) Convergence of Wnt and FGF signals in the genesis of posterior neural plate through activation of the Sox2 enhancer N-1. Development 133:297–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Inoue M, Kamachi Y, Matsunami H, Imada K, Uchikawa M, Kondoh H (2007) PAX6 and SOX2-dependent regulation of the Sox2 enhancer N-3 involved in embryonic visual system development. Genes Cells 12:1049–1061

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Saigou Y, Kamimura Y, Inoue M, Kondoh H, Uchikawa M (2010) Regulation of Sox2 in the pre-placodal cephalic ectoderm and central nervous system by enhancer N-4. Dev Growth Differ 52:397–408

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Okamoto R, Uchikawa M, Kondoh H (2015) Sixteen additional enhancers associated with the chicken Sox2 locus outside the central 50-kb region. Dev Growth Differ 57:24–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Uchikawa M, Kondoh H (2016) Regulation of Sox2 via many enhancers of distinct specificities. In: Kondoh H, Lovell-Badge R (eds) Sox2: biology and role in development and disease. Academic Press/Elsevier, Boston, Oxford, San Diego, pp 107–129

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hisato Kondoh .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Uchikawa, M., Nishimura, N., Iwafuchi-Doi, M., Kondoh, H. (2017). Enhancer Analyses Using Chicken Embryo Electroporation. In: Sheng, G. (eds) Avian and Reptilian Developmental Biology. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1650. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7216-6_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7216-6_12

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7215-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7216-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics