Abstract
Expansins are proteins that loosen plant cell walls but lack enzymatic activity. Here, we describe two protocols tailored to measure the biomechanical activity of bacterial expansin. The first assay relies on weakening of filter paper by expansin. The second assay is based on induction of creep (long-term, irreversible extension) of plant cell wall samples.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Cosgrove DJ (2016) Catalysts of plant cell wall loosening. F1000Research 5
Cosgrove DJ (2000) Loosening of plant cell walls by expansins. Nature 407:321–326
McQueen-Mason S, Durachko DM, Cosgrove DJ (1992) Two endogenous proteins that induce cell wall extension in plants. Plant Cell 4:1425–1433
Whitney SEC, Gidley MJ, McQueen-Mason SJ (2000) Probing expansin action using cellulose/hemicellulose composites. Plant J 22:327–334
Qin L, Kudla U, Roze EH, Goverse A, Popeijus H, Nieuwland J, Overmars H, Jones JT, Schots A, Smant G, Bakker J, Helder J (2004) Plant degradation: a nematode expansin acting on plants. Nature 427:30
Cho HT, Kende H (1997) Expansins in deepwater rice internodes. Plant Physiol 113:1137–1143
Kerff F, Amoroso A, Herman R, Sauvage E, Petrella S, Filee P, Charlier P, Joris B, Tabuchi A, Nikolaidis N, Cosgrove DJ (2008) Crystal structure and activity of Bacillus subtilis yoaj (exlx1), a bacterial expansin that promotes root colonization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:16876–16881
Cosgrove DJ (2005) Growth of the plant cell wall. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 6:850–861
Zhang T, Zheng Y, Cosgrove DJ (2016) Spatial organization of cellulose microfibrils and matrix polysaccharides in primary plant cell walls as imaged by multichannel atomic force microscopy. Plant J 85:179–192
Cosgrove DJ (2015) Plant expansins: diversity and interactions with plant cell walls. Curr Opin Plant Biol 25:162–172
Burgert I, Keplinger T (2013) Plant micro- and nanomechanics: experimental techniques for plant cell-wall analysis. J Exp Bot 64:4635–4649
Nolte T, Schopfer P (1997) Viscoelastic versus plastic cell wall extensibility in growing seedling organs: a contribution to avoid some misconceptions. J Exp Bot 48:2103–2107
Cleland RE (1984) The instron technique as a measure of immediate-past wall extensibility. Planta 160:514–520
Takahashi K, Hirata S, Kido N, Katou K (2006) Wall-yielding properties of cell walls from elongating cucumber hypocotyls in relation to the action of expansin. Plant Cell Physiol 47:1520–1529
Cosgrove DJ (2016) Plant cell wall extensibility: connecting plant cell growth with cell wall structure, mechanics, and the action of wall-modifying enzymes. J Exp Bot 67:463–476
Wang T, Park YB, Caporini MA, Rosay M, Zhong L, Cosgrove DJ, Hong M (2013) Sensitivity-enhanced solid-state nmr detection of expansin’s target in plant cell walls. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:16444–16449
Cosgrove DJ (2014) Re-constructing our models of cellulose and primary cell wall assembly. Curr Opin Plant Biol 22C:122–131
Georgelis N, Nikolaidis N, Cosgrove DJ (2015) Bacterial expansins and related proteins from the world of microbes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:3807–3823
Pastor N, Davila S, Perez-Rueda E, Segovia L, Martinez-Anaya C (2014) Electrostatic analysis of bacterial expansins. Proteins 83:215–223
Nikolaidis N, Doran N, Cosgrove DJ (2014) Plant expansins in bacteria and fungi: evolution by horizontal gene transfer and independent domain fusion. Mol Biol Evol 31:376–386
Durachko DM, Cosgrove DJ (2009) Measuring plant cell wall extension (creep) induced by acidic ph and by alpha-expansin. J Vis Exp: JoVE 25:1263
Sampedro J, Guttman M, Li LC, Cosgrove DJ (2015) Evolutionary divergence of beta-expansin structure and function in grasses parallels emergence of distinctive primary cell wall traits. Plant J 81:108–120
Cosgrove DJ, Bedinger P, Durachko DM (1997) Group I allergens of grass pollen as cell wall-loosening agents. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:6559–6564
Li LC, Bedinger PA, Volk C, Jones AD, Cosgrove DJ (2003) Purification and characterization of four beta-expansins (zea m 1 isoforms) from maize pollen. Plant Physiol 132:2073–2085
Carpita NC (1996) Structure and biogenesis of the cell walls of grasses. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 47:445–476
Georgelis N, Nikolaidis N, Cosgrove DJ (2014) Biochemical analysis of expansin-like proteins from microbes. Carbohydr Polym 100:17–23
Georgelis N, Tabuchi A, Nikolaidis N, Cosgrove DJ (2011) Structure-function analysis of the bacterial expansin exlx1. J Biol Chem 286:16814–16823
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by United States Department of Energy Grant DE-FG02-84ER13179 from the Office of Basic Energy Sciences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Cosgrove, D.J., Hepler, N.K., Wagner, E.R., Durachko, D.M. (2017). Measuring the Biomechanical Loosening Action of Bacterial Expansins on Paper and Plant Cell Walls. In: Abbott, D., Lammerts van Bueren, A. (eds) Protein-Carbohydrate Interactions. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1588. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6899-2_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6899-2_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6898-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6899-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols