Skip to main content

Characterization, Quantification, and Visualization of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Oral Biology

Abstract

Following the discovery of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in 2004 by Brinkmann and colleagues, there has been extensive research into the role of NETs in a number of inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis. This chapter describes the current methods for the isolation of peripheral blood neutrophils for subsequent NET experiments, including approaches to quantify and visualize NET production, the ability of NETs to entrap and kill bacteria, and the removal of NETs by nuclease-containing plasma.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Borregaard N, Cowland JB (1997) Granules of the human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Blood 89:3503–3521

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, Fauler B, Uhlemann Y, Weiss DS, Weinrauch Y, Zychlinsky A (2004) Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science 303:1532–1535

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bianchi M, Niemiec MJ, Siler U, Urban CF, Reichenbach J (2011) Restoration of anti-Aspergillus defense by neutrophil extracellular traps in human chronic granulomatous disease after gene therapy is calprotectin-dependent. J Allergy Clin Immunol 127:1243–1252

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wang Y, Li M, Stadler S, Correll S, Li P, Wang D, Hayama R, Leonelli L, Han H, Grigoryev SA, Allis CD, Coonrod SA (2009) Histone hypercitrullination mediates chromatin decondensation and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. J Cell Biol 184:205–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Yousefi S, Mihalache C, Kozlowski E, Schmid I, Simon HU (2009) Viable neutrophils release mitochondrial DNA to form neutrophil extracellular traps. Cell Death Differ 16:1438–1444

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Pilsczek FH, Salina D, Poon KK, Fahey C, Yipp BG, Sibley CD, Robbins SM, Green FH, Surette MG, Sugai M, Bowden MG, Hussain M, Zhang K, Kubes P (2010) A novel mechanism of rapid nuclear neutrophil extracellular trap formation in response to Staphylococcus aureus. J Immunol 185:7413–7425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Harris PC (2012) Effect of density gradient material upon ex-vivo neutrophil behaviour, and effect of neutrophil extracellular traps upon the growth and survival of periodontopathogenic bacteria. MRes thesis, University of Birmingham

    Google Scholar 

  8. Fuchs TA, Abed U, Goosmann C, Hurwitz R, Schulze I, Wahn V, Weinrauch Y, Brinkmann V, Zychlinsky A (2007) Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps. J Cell Biol 176:231–241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Palmer L, Cooper PR, Ling MR, Wright HJ, Huissoon A, Chapple IL (2012) Hypochlorous acid regulates neutrophil extracellular trap release in humans. Clin Exp Immunol 167:261–268

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Beiter K, Wartha F, Albiger B, Normark S, Zychlinsky A, Henriques-Normark B (2006) An endonuclease allows Streptococcus pneumoniae to escape from neutrophil extracellular traps. Curr Biol 16:401–407

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Delbosc S, Alsac JM, Journe C, Louedec L, Castier Y, Bonnaure-Mallet M, Ruimy R, Rossignol P, Bouchard P, Michel JB, Meilhac O (2011) Porphyromonas gingivalis participates in pathogenesis of human abdominal aortic aneurysm by neutrophil activation. Proof of concept in rats. PLoS One 6, e18679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Behrendt JH, Ruiz A, Zahner H, Taubert A, Hermosilla C (2010) Neutrophil extracellular trap formation as innate immune reactions against the apicomplexan parasite Eimeria bovis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 133:1–8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Byrd AS, O’Brien XM, Johnson CM, Lavigne LM, Reichner JS (2013) An extracellular matrix–based mechanism of rapid neutrophil extracellular trap formation in response to Candida albicans. J Immunol 190:4136–4148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Saitoh T, Komano J, Saitoh Y, Misawa T, Takahama M, Kozaki T, Uehata T, Iwasaki H, Omori H, Yamaoka S, Yamamoto N, Akira S (2012) Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate a host defense response to human immunodeficiency virus-1. Cell Host Microbe 12:109–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Keshari RS, Jyoti A, Dubey M, Kothari N, Kohli M, Bogra J, Barthwal MK, Dikshit M (2012) Cytokines induced neutrophil extracellular traps formation: implication for the inflammatory disease condition. PLoS One 7, e48111

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Palmer LJ (2010) Neutrophil extracellular traps in periodontitis. Ph.D. thesis, University of Birmingham

    Google Scholar 

  17. Berends ET, Horswill AR, Haste NM, Monestier M, Nizet V, von Köckritz-Blickwede M (2010) Nuclease expression by Staphylococcus aureus facilitates escape from neutrophil extracellular traps. J Innate Immun 2:576–586

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Wartha F, Beiter K, Albiger B, Fernebro J, Zychlinsky A, Normark S, Henriques-Normark B (2007) Capsule and D‐alanylated lipoteichoic acids protect Streptococcus pneumoniae against neutrophil extracellular traps. Cell Microbiol 9:1162–1171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lauth X, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, McNamara CW, Myskowski S, Zinkernagel AS, Beall B, Ghosh P, Gallo RL, Nizet V (2009) M1 protein allows Group A streptococcal survival in phagocyte extracellular traps through cathelicidin inhibition. J Innate Immun 1:202–214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Urban CF, Reichard U, Brinkmann V, Zychlinsky A (2006) Neutrophil extracellular traps capture and kill Candida albicans yeast and hyphal forms. Cell Microbiol 8:668–676

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Hakkim A, Fürnrohr BG, Amann K, Laube B, Abed UA, Brinkmann V, Herrmann M, Voll RE, Zychlinsky A (2010) Impairment of neutrophil extracellular trap degradation is associated with lupus nephritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:9813–9818

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Leffler J, Martin M, Gullstrand B, Tydén H, Lood C, Truedsson L, Bengtsson AA, Blom AM (2012) Neutrophil extracellular traps that are not degraded in systemic lupus erythematosus activate complement exacerbating the disease. J Immunol 188:3522–3531

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Zhou L, Somasundaram R, Nederhof RF, Dijkstra G, Faber KN, Peppelenbosch MP, Fuhler GM (2012) Impact of human granulocyte and monocyte isolation procedures on functional studies. Clin Vaccine Immunol 19:1065–1074

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Das T, Sehar S, Manefield M (2013) The roles of extracellular DNA in the structural integrity of extracellular polymeric substance and bacterial biofilm development. Environ Microbiol Rep 5:778–786

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Iain L. C. Chapple .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

White, P.C. et al. (2017). Characterization, Quantification, and Visualization of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. In: Seymour, G., Cullinan, M., Heng, N. (eds) Oral Biology. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1537. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6685-1_29

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6685-1_29

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6683-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6685-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics