Skip to main content
Book cover

Oral Biology pp 191–202Cite as

Quantitative Analysis of Periodontal Pathogens Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

  • Protocol
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1537))

Abstract

The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is a variant of PCR aimed to detect and quantify a targeted DNA molecule through the addition of probes labeled with fluorescent molecules that emit fluorescence within each amplification cycle, what results in fluorescence values proportional to the amount of accumulated PCR product. This chapter presents the detailed procedures for quantification of different periodontal pathogens (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, and Fusobacterium spp.) using qPCR. It also includes the description of the most frequent problems encountered and how to solve them. In addition, a detailed protocol for multiplex qPCR to detect and quantify P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans is included.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE (2005) Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol 43:5721–5732

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Consensus Report (1996) Periodontal diseases: pathogenesis and microbial factors. Ann Periodontol 1:926–932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Forner L, Larsen T, Kilian M, Holmstrup P (2006) Incidence of bacteremia after chewing, tooth brushing and scaling in individuals with periodontal inflammation. J Clin Periodontol 33:401–407

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hartzell JD, Torres D, Kim P, Wortmann G (2005) Incidence of bacteremia after routine tooth brushing. Am J Med Sci 329:178–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Crasta K, Daly CG, Mitchell D, Curtis B, Stewart D, Heitz-Mayfield LJ (2009) Bacteraemia due to dental flossing. J Clin Periodontol 36:323–332

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Figuero E, Sanchez-Beltran M, Cuesta-Frechoso S, Tejerina JM, del Castro JA, Gutierrez JM, Herrera D, Sanz M (2011) Detection of periodontal bacteria in atheromatous plaque by nested polymerase chain reaction. J Periodontol 82:1469–1477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Oteo A, Herrera D, Figuero E, O'Connor A, Gonzalez I, Sanz M (2010) Azithromycin as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis-associated periodontitis: a pilot study. J Clin Periodontol 37:1005–1015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Herrera D, Alonso B, Leon R, Roldan S, Sanz M (2008) Antimicrobial therapy in periodontitis: the use of systemic antimicrobials against the subgingival biofilm. J Clin Periodontol 35(8 Suppl):45–66

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sanz M, Lau L, Herrera D, Morillo JM, Silva A (2004) Methods of detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in periodontal microbiology, with special emphasis on advanced molecular techniques: a review. J Clin Periodontol 31:1034–1047

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lockhart PB, Brennan MT, Sasser HC, Fox PC, Paster BJ, Bahrani-Mougeot FK (2008) Bacteremia associated with toothbrushing and dental extraction. Circulation 117:3118–3125

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. Maestre JR, Mateo M, Sanchez P (2008) Bacteriemia secundaria a procedimientos odontologicos periodontales. [Bacteremia after periodontal procedures]. Rev Esp Quimioter 21:153–156

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lafaurie GI, Mayorga-Fayad I, Torres MF, Castillo DM, Aya MR, Baron A, Hurtado PA (2007) Periodontopathic microorganisms in peripheric blood after scaling and root planing. J Clin Periodontol 34:873–879

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kinane DF, Riggio MP, Walker KF, MacKenzie D, Shearer B (2005) Bacteraemia following periodontal procedures. J Clin Periodontol 32:708–713

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Daly CG, Mitchell DH, Highfield JE, Grossberg DE, Stewart D (2001) Bacteremia due to periodontal probing: a clinical and microbiological investigation. J Periodontol 72:210–214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Morillo JM, Lau L, Sanz M, Herrera D, Martin C, Silva A (2004) Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction based on single copy gene sequence for detection of periodontal pathogens. J Clin Periodontol 31:1054–1060

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Boutaga K, van Winkelhoff AJ, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CMJE, Savelkoul PHM (2003) Comparison of real-time PCR and culture for detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis in subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Microbiol 41:4950–4954

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Lau L, Sanz M, Herrera D, Morillo JM, Martin C, Silva A (2004) Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction versus culture: a comparison between two methods for the detection and quantification of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in subgingival plaque samples. J Clin Periodontol 31:1061–1069

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Doungudomdacha S, Rawlinson A, Walsh TF, Douglas CW (2001) Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on clinical parameters and the numbers of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans at adult periodontitis sites. J Clin Periodontol 28:437–445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Figuero E, Lindahl C, Marin MJ, Renvert S, Herrera D, Ohlsson O, Wetterling T, Sanz M (2014) Quantification of periodontal pathogens in vascular, blood, and subgingival samples from patients with peripheral arterial disease or abdominal aortic aneurysms. J Periodontol 85:1182–1193

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Mackay J (2007) Introduction to kinetic (real-time) PCR. Methods Mol Biol 353:167–176

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Mackay J, Landt O (2007) Real-time PCR fluorescent chemistries. Methods Mol Biol 353:237–261

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bolivar AMR, Agustina; Garcia-Lugo, Pablo (2014) PCR and PCR-multiplex: critical parameters and standardization protocol. Avances en Biomedicina 3:23–25

    Google Scholar 

  23. Squeri R, La Fauci V, Cannavo G, Lo Giudice G, Sindoni L (2006) Identification of the microorganisms responsible for periodontopathy by Multiplex RT-PCR. J Prev Med Hyg 47:142–145

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Morikawa M, Chiba T, Tomii N, Sato S, Takahashi Y, Konishi K, Numabe Y, Iwata K, Imai K (2008) Comparative analysis of putative periodontopathic bacteria by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. J Periodontal Res 43:268–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mariano Sanz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Marin, M.J., Figuero, E., Herrera, D., Sanz, M. (2017). Quantitative Analysis of Periodontal Pathogens Using Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). In: Seymour, G., Cullinan, M., Heng, N. (eds) Oral Biology. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1537. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6685-1_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6685-1_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6683-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6685-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics