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G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases pp 45–57Cite as

Visual G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases

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Abstract

Discovered in the 1970s, cloned in the 1990s, and extensively studied both biochemically and genetically over the past four decades, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 (GRK1), and a close homolog GRK7, are indispensable for timely phototransduction recovery and dark adaptation of retinal rod and cone photoreceptors. By phosphorylating activated visual pigments, these GRKs enable the binding of visual arrestins to photoexcited pigments to stop phototransduction at the receptor level. Mutations in the GRK1 gene cause a form of stationary night blindness in humans called Oguchi disease, with peculiar physiological and anatomical symptoms. Whereas the importance of these visual GRKs is well established, many questions remain unanswered with regard to expression, posttranslational modifications, substrate specificity, enzymatic actions, intracellular targeting, and regulation by other proteins. This chapter summarizes the current state of knowledge, discusses the relationship between GRK1 and GRK7 in the context of Oguchi disease, and pinpoints fruitful future directions for advancement of the vision research field.

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Acknowledgement

Ching-Kang Jason Chen is the Alice McPherson Retina Research Foundation Endowed Chair at the Baylor College of Medicine. The Department of Ophthalmology receives an unrestricted grant from Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Chih-Chun Hsu & Ching-Kang Jason Chen

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Ching-Kang Jason Chen

  3. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    Ching-Kang Jason Chen

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  1. Chih-Chun Hsu
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Correspondence to Ching-Kang Jason Chen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University , NASHVILLE, Tennessee, USA

    Vsevolod V. Gurevich

  2. Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

    Eugenia V. Gurevich

  3. Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA

    John J.G. Tesmer

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Hsu, CC., Chen, CK.J. (2016). Visual G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases. In: Gurevich, V., Gurevich, E., Tesmer, J. (eds) G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases. Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3798-1_3

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