Abstract
C2 domains (C2s) are regulatory protein modules identified in eukaryotic proteins targeted to cell membranes. C2s were initially characterized as independently folded Ca2+-dependent phospholipids binding domains; however, later studies have shown that C2s have evolutionarily diverged into Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent forms. These forms interact and regulate their affinity to diverse lipid species using different binding mechanisms. In this protocol we describe a biochemical approach to produce, purify, and solubilize functional C2 domains bound to GST for the identification of their putative Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent lipid-binding partners.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Sutton RB, Davletov BA et al (1995) Structure of the first C2 domain of synaptotagmin I: a novel Ca2+/phospholipid-binding fold. Cell 80:929–938
Parker PJ, Coussens L et al (1986) The complete primary structure of protein kinase C – the major phorbol ester receptor. Science 233:853–859
Davletov BA, Südhof TC (1993) A single C2 domain from synaptotagmin I is sufficient for high affinity Ca2+/phospholipid binding. J Biol Chem 268:26386–26390
Zhang D, Aravind L (2010) Identification of novel families and classification of the C2 domain superfamily elucidate the origin and evolution of membrane targeting activities in eukaryotes. Gene 469:18–30
Giordano F, Saheki Y et al (2013) PI(4,5)P(2)-dependent and Ca(2+)-regulated ER-PM interactions mediated by the extended synaptotagmins. Cell 153:1494–1509
Lee H, Yang Y, Su Z et al (2010) Dynamic Ca2 + -dependent stimulation of vesicle fusion by membrane-anchored synaptotagmin 1. Science 328:760–763
Oancea E, Meyer T (1998) Protein kinase C as a molecular machine for decoding calcium and diacylglycerol signals. Cell 95:307–318
Stahelin RV (2009) Lipid binding domains: more than simple lipid effectors. J Lipid Res 50:S299–S304
Leonard TA (2013) C2 domain. In: Uversky VN et al (eds) Encyclopedia of metalloproteins. Springer Science + Business Media, New York, pp 309–318
Xu J, Bacaj T et al (2014) Structure and Ca2+-binding properties of the tandem C2 domains of E-Syt2. Structure 22:269–280
Guillén J, Ferrer-Orta C et al (2013) Structural insights into the Ca2+ and PI(4,5)P2 binding modes of the C2 domains of rabphilin 3A and synaptotagmin 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:20503–20508
Sutton RB, Sprang SR (1998) Structure of the protein kinase Cβ phospholipid-binding C2 domain complexed with Ca2+. Structure 6:1395–1405
Murray D, Honig B (2002) Electrostatic control of the membrane targeting of C2 domains. Mol Cell 9:145–154
Nalefski EA, Falke JJ et al (1996) The C2 domain calcium-binding motif: structural and functional diversity. Protein Sci 5:2375–2390
Schapire AL, Voigt B et al (2008) Arabidopsis synaptotagmin 1 is required for the maintenance of plasma membrane integrity and cell viability. Plant Cell 20:3374–3388
Pérez-Sancho J, Vanneste S et al (2015) The Arabidopsis SYT1 is enriched in ER-PM contact sites and confers cellular resistance to mechanical stresses. Plant Physiol. 168:132–143
Craxton M (2004) Synaptotagmin gene content of the sequenced genomes. BMC Genomics 5:43
Frankel S, Sohn R, Leinwand L (1990) The use of sarkosyl in generating soluble protein after bacterial expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:1192–1196
Tao H, Liu W et al (2010) Purifying natively folded proteins from inclusion bodies using sarkosyl, Triton X-100, and CHAPS. Biotechniques 48:61–64
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the FPI-BES 2012-052324 from Spanish MICINN (to JPS), BIO2011-23859 cofinanced by the European Regional Development Fund and by Grant no. P07-CVI-03021 by La Consejería de Innovación Ciencia y Empresa-La Junta de Andalucía confinanced by the European Regional Development Fund (to MAB), and the NSERC Discovery Grant RGPIN-2014-06468 and NSERC Canada Research Chairs program (to AR).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Pérez-Sancho, J., Schapire, A.L., Botella, M.A., Rosado, A. (2016). Analysis of Protein–Lipid Interactions Using Purified C2 Domains. In: Botella, J., Botella, M. (eds) Plant Signal Transduction. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1363. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3115-6_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3115-6_14
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3114-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3115-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols