Abstract
Rhodopsin is a prototypical member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This photoreceptor is responsible for initiating the visual signaling transduction cascade upon interaction with its heterotrimeric G protein, transducin (Gt), after light activation. Like all transmembrane proteins, rhodopsin is embedded within a phospholipid bilayer. Many studies have proposed that the membrane composition of this bilayer is an important factor for receptor function during the activation process. Here we describe the methods and assays used to evaluate the function of purified and reconstituted rhodopsin in bicelles.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Palczewski K (2006) G protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin. Annu Rev Biochem 75:743–767
Ostermeier C, Iwata S, Ludwig B et al (1995) Fv fragment-mediated crystallization of the membrane protein bacterial cytochrome c oxidase. Nat Struct Biol 2:842–846
Fung JJ, Deupi X, Pardo L et al (2009) Ligand-regulated oligomerization of beta(2)-adrenoceptors in a model lipid bilayer. EMBO J 28:3315–3328
Litman BJ, Niu SL, Polozova A et al (2001) The role of docosahexaenoic acid containing phospholipids in modulating G protein-coupled signaling pathways: visual transduction. J Mol Neurosci 16:237–242, discussion 279–284
Jastrzebska B, Goc A, Golczak M et al (2009) Phospholipids are needed for the proper formation, stability, and function of the photoactivated rhodopsin-transducin complex. Biochemistry 48:5159–5170
Bayburt TH, Leitz AJ, Xie G et al (2007) Transducin activation by nanoscale lipid bilayers containing one and two rhodopsins. J Biol Chem 282:14875–14881
Luecke H, Schobert B, Stagno J et al (2008) Crystallographic structure of xanthorhodopsin, the light-driven proton pump with a dual chromophore. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:16561–16565
Jastrzebska B, Golczak M, Fotiadis D et al (2009) Isolation and functional characterization of a stable complex between photoactivated rhodopsin and the G protein, transducin. FASEB J 23:371–381
Kaya AI, Thaker TM, Preininger AM et al (2011) Coupling efficiency of rhodopsin and transducin in bicelles. Biochemistry 50:3193–3203
Sanders CR, Schwonek JP (1992) Characterization of magnetically orientable bilayers in mixtures of dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine by solid-state NMR. Biochemistry 31:8898–8905
Sanders CR, Prosser RS (1998) Bicelles: a model membrane system for all seasons? Structure 6:1227–1234
Wu H, Su K, Guan X et al (2010) Assessing the size, stability, and utility of isotropically tumbling bicelle systems for structural biology. Biochim Biophys Acta 1798:482–488
Glover KJ, Whiles JA, Wu G et al (2001) Structural evaluation of phospholipid bicelles for solution-state studies of membrane-associated biomolecules. Biophys J 81:2163–2171
Struppe J, Whiles JA, Vold RR (2000) Acidic phospholipid bicelles: a versatile model membrane system. Biophys J 78:281–289
Struppe J, Komives EA, Taylor SS et al (1998) 2H NMR studies of a myristoylated peptide in neutral and acidic phospholipid bicelles. Biochemistry 37:15523–15527
Crowell KJ, Macdonald PM (1999) Surface charge response of the phosphatidylcholine head group in bilayered micelles from phosphorus and deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance. Biochim Biophys Acta 1416:21–30
Marcotte I, Dufourc EJ, Ouellet M et al (2003) Interaction of the neuropeptide met-enkephalin with zwitterionic and negatively charged bicelles as viewed by 31P and 2H solid-state NMR. Biophys J 85:328–339
Gibson NJ, Brown MF (1991) Role of phosphatidylserine in the MI-MII equilibrium of rhodopsin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 176:915–921
Gibson NJ, Brown MF (1993) Lipid headgroup and acyl chain composition modulate the MI-MII equilibrium of rhodopsin in recombinant membranes. Biochemistry 32:2438–2454
Thaker TM, Kaya AI, Preininger AM et al (2012) Allosteric mechanisms of G protein-coupled receptor signaling: a structural perspective. Methods Mol Biol 796:133–174
Aris L, Gilchrist A, Rens-Domiano S et al (2001) Structural requirements for the stabilization of metarhodopsin II by the C terminus of the a subunit of transducin. J Biol Chem 276:2333–2339
Oldham WM, Van Eps N, Preininger AM et al (2006) Mechanism of the receptor-catalyzed activation of heterotrimeric G proteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13:772–777
Mazzoni MR, Malinksi JA, Hamm HE (1991) Structural analysis of rod GTP-binding protein Gt. Limited proteolytic digestion pattern of Gt with four proteases defines monoclonal antibody epitope. J Biol Chem 266:14072–14081
van Dam L, Karlsson G, Edwards K (2004) Direct observation and characterization of DMPC/DHPC aggregates under conditions relevant for biological solution NMR. Biochim Biophys Acta 1664:241–256
van Dam L, Karlsson G, Edwards K (2006) Morphology of magnetically aligning DMPC/DHPC aggregates-perforated sheets, not disks. Langmuir 22:3280–3285
Faham S, Boulting GL, Massey EA et al (2005) Crystallization of bacteriorhodopsin from bicelle formulations at room temperature. Protein Sci 14:836–840
Prosser RS, Hwang JS, Vold RR (1998) Magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers with positive ordering: a new model membrane system. Biophys J 74:2405–2418
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Kaya, A.I., Iverson, T.M., Hamm, H.E. (2015). Functional Stability of Rhodopsin in a Bicelle System: Evaluating G Protein Activation by Rhodopsin in Bicelles. In: Jastrzebska, B. (eds) Rhodopsin. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1271. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2330-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2330-4_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2329-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2330-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols