Abstract
Foreign nucleic acids are recognized by germ-line-encoded receptors expressed in immune and nonimmune cells. Activation of the nucleic acid-specific pattern recognition receptors by foreign nucleic acid promotes production of inflammatory cytokines (mostly type I IFNs) and at the later stage leads to cell death. Here, we describe reliable and simple methods to quantify cell death caused by nucleic acid recognition. Additionally, we report two different methods to discriminate between two cell death modalities: apoptosis and necrosis.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Medzhitov R, Janeway CA Jr (1997) Innate immunity: impact on the adaptive immune response. Curr Opin Immunol 9(1):4–9
Janeway CA Jr, Medzhitov R (2002) Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev Immunol 20:197–216
Fernandes-Alnemri T et al (2009) AIM2 activates the inflammasome and cell death in response to cytoplasmic DNA. Nature 458(7237):509–513
Kumagai Y, Takeuchi O, Akira S (2008) TLR9 as a key receptor for the recognition of DNA. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60(7):795–804
Kawai T, Akira S (2009) The roles of TLRs, RLRs and NLRs in pathogen recognition. Int Immunol 21(4):317–337
Galluzzi L et al (2012) Molecular definitions of cell death subroutines: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2012. Cell Death Differ 19(1):107–120
Cho YS et al (2009) Phosphorylation-driven assembly of the RIP1-RIP3 complex regulates programmed necrosis and virus-induced inflammation. Cell 137(6):1112–1123
Tran AT et al (2013) Influenza virus induces apoptosis via BAD-mediated mitochondrial dysregulation. J Virol 87(2):1049–1060
Durvasula RV, Petermann AT, Hiromura K, Blonski M, Pippin J, Mundel P, Pichler R, Griffin S, Couser WG, Shankland SJ (2004) Activation of a local tissue angiotensin system in podocytes by mechanical strain. Kidney Int 65(1):30–39
Hengartner MO (2000) The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 407(6805):770–776
Igney FH, Krammer PH (2002) Death and anti-death: tumour resistance to apoptosis. Nat Rev Cancer 2(4):277–288
Bretscher MS (1972) Asymmetrical lipid bilayer structure for biological membranes. Nat New Biol 236(61):11–12
Koopman G et al (1994) Annexin V for flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on B cells undergoing apoptosis. Blood 84(5):1415–1420
Martin SJ et al (1995) Early redistribution of plasma membrane phosphatidylserine is a general feature of apoptosis regardless of the initiating stimulus: inhibition by overexpression of Bcl-2 and Abl. J Exp Med 182(5):1545–1556
Tait JF, Gibson D, Fujikawa K (1989) Phospholipid binding properties of human placental anticoagulant protein-I, a member of the lipocortin family. J Biol Chem 264(14):7944–7949
Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR (1972) Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26(4):239–257
Leist M, Jaattela M (2001) Four deaths and a funeral: from caspases to alternative mechanisms. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2(8):589–598
Chan FK, Moriwaki K, De Rosa MJ (2013) Detection of necrosis by release of lactate dehydrogenase activity. Methods Mol Biol 979:65–70
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media, New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Romoli, S., Migliorini, A. (2014). Analysis of Nucleic Acid-Induced Nonimmune Cell Death In Vitro. In: Anders, HJ., Migliorini, A. (eds) Innate DNA and RNA Recognition. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1169. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0882-0_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0882-0_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-0881-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-0882-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols