Skip to main content

Copulation in Rats: Analysis of Behavioral and Seminal Parameters

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Animal Models of Reproductive Behavior

Part of the book series: Neuromethods ((NM,volume 200))

  • 305 Accesses

Abstract

Male copulation in mammals consists of motor and genital components. Two distinct and complementary aspects of copulation are reviewed: masculine sexual behavior and the seminal parameters of the ejaculate. In the first part, we describe in detail how the rat’s masculine sexual behavior must be recorded and analyzed, including sexual training tests to have a homogenous population and to identify animals with endogenous phenotypes of copulation (rapid, intermediate, or sluggish). In the second section, we thoroughly explain how to obtain the rat’s ejaculate and how to analyze the different parameters. In the final part, we give an example of how these two areas of research may be reported by comparing the seminal parameters in male rats with different endogenous phenotypes of copulation.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Moralí G, Beyer C (1992) Motor aspects of masculine sexual behavior in rats and rabbits. In: Slater PJR, Rosenblatt JS, Beer C, Milinski M (eds) Advances in the study of behavior, vol 21. Academic Press, New York, pp 201–238

    Google Scholar 

  2. Moralí G, Soto MAP, Contreras JL et al (2003) Detailed analysis of the male copulatory motor pattern in mammals: hormonal bases. Scan J Psychol 44:79–288. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9450.00346

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Sachs BD, Meisel RL (1988) The physiology of male sexual behavior. In: Knobil E, Neill J (eds) The physiology of reproduction. Raven Press, Ltd, New York

    Google Scholar 

  4. Hull EM, Rodríguez-Manzo G (2009) Male sexual behavior. In: Pfaff DW, Arnold AP, Etgen AM, Fahrbach SE, Rubin RT (eds) Hormones, brain and behavior, vol 1. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 5–65

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  5. Contreras JL, Beyer C (1979) A polygraphic analysis of mounting and ejaculation in the New Zealand white rabbit. Physiol Behav 23:939–943. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(79)90204-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Whipple B, Myers BR, Komisaruk BR (1998) Male multiple ejaculatory orgasms: a case study. J Sex Educ Ther 23:157–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/01614576.1998.11074222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Larsson K (1956) Conditioning and sexual behavior in the male Albino rat. Almqvist and Wiksell’s Stockholm, Stockholm

    Google Scholar 

  8. Larsson K, Ahlenius S (1993) Reproductive behavior in behavioral pharmacology. In: van Haaren F (ed) Methods in behavioral pharmacology. Elsevier Science Publishers BV

    Google Scholar 

  9. Beyer C, Contreras JL, Moralí G, Larsson K (1981) Effects of castration and sex steroid treatment on the motor copulatory patterns of the rat. Physiol Behav 27:727–730. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(81)90247-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Lodder J, Zeilmaker GH (1976) Effects of genital deafferentation on mounting and intromission behavior in spayed female rats treated with estrogen. Physiol Behav 16:753–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(76)90246-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pollak EI, Sachs BD (1976) Penile movements and the sensory control of copulation in the rat. Behav Biol 17:177–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-6773(76)90427-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lucio RA, Rodríguez-Piedracruz V, Tlachi-López JL et al (2014) Copulation without seminal expulsion: the consequence of sexual satiation and the Coolidge effect. Andrology 2:450–457. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-2927.2014.00209.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sachs BD (1988) The development of grooming and its expression in adult animals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 525:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb38591.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Larsson K, Swedin G (1971) The sexual behavior of male rats after bilateral section of the hypogastric nerve and removal of the accessory genital glands. Physiol Behav 6:251–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(71)90035-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. McGlynn JM, Erpino MJ (1974) Effects of vasectomy on the reproductive system and sexual behavior of rats. J Reprod Fertil 40:241–247. https://doi.org/10.1530/JRF.0.0400241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Queen K, Dhabuwala CB, Pierrepoint CG (1981) The effect of the removal of the various accessory sex glands on the fertility of male rats. J Reprod Fertil 62:423–426. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0620423

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lucio RA, Manzo J, Martínez-Gómez M et al (1994) Participation of pelvic nerve branches in male rat copulatory behavior. Physiol Behav 55:241–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(94)90129-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Phillips-Farfán BV, Fernández-Guasti A (2009) Endocrine, neural and pharmacological aspects of sexual satiety in male rats. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33:442–455. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.11.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Tlachi-López JL, Eguibar JR, Fernández-Guasti A, Lucio RA (2012) Copulation and ejaculation in male rats under sexual satiety and the Coolidge effect. Physiol Behav 106:626–630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.04.020

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Fernández-Guasti A, Larsson K, Vega-Sanabria J (1986) Depression of postejaculatory ultrasonic vocalization by (+)-bicuculline. Behav Brain Res 19:35–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(86)90045-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Barfield RJ, Geyer LA (1975) The ultrasonic postejaculatory vocalization and the postejaculatory refractory period of the male rat. J Comp Physiol Psychol 88:723–734. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076435

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Rodríguez-Manzo G, Fernández-Guasti A (1994) Reversal of sexual exhaustion by serotonergic and noradrenergic agents. Behav Brain Res 64:127–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(94)90019-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Robb GW, Amann RP, Killian GJ (1978) Daily sperm production and epididymal sperm reserves of pubertal and adult rats. J Reprod Fertil 54:103–107. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0540103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Campion SN, Carvallo FR, Chapin RE et al (2013) Comparative assessment of the timing of sexual maturation in male Wistar Han and Sprague-Dawley rats. Reprod Toxicol 38:16–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.02.003

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Meisel RL, Sachs BD (1994) The physiology of male sexual behavior. In: Knobil E, Neill J (eds) The physiology of reproduction. Raven Press, Ltd, New York

    Google Scholar 

  26. Brandling-Bennett EM, Blasberg ME, Clark AS (1999) Paced mating behavior in female rats in response to different hormone priming regimens. Horm Behav 35:144–154. https://doi.org/10.1006/hbeh.1998.1507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Corona R, Camacho FJ, García-Horsman P et al (2011) Different doses of estradiol-benzoate induce conditioned place preference after paced mating. Horm Behav 60:264–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.05.013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Dewsbury DA (1969) Copulatory behavior of rats (Rattus norvegicus) as a function of prior copulatory experience. Anim Behav 17:217–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(69)90004-9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. De Gasperín-Estrada GP, Camacho FJ, Paredes RG (2008) Olfactory discrimination and incentive value of non-copulating and sexually sluggish male rats. Physiol Behav 93:742–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.027

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Lucio RA, Tlachi-López JL, Eguibar JR, Agmo A (2013) Sperm count and sperm motility decrease in old rats. Physiol Behav 110-111:73–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.12.015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Fuentes-Morales MR, Gutiérrez-Ospina G, Fernández-Guasti A et al (2020) Rats ejaculate prematurely and increase the sperm output during competitive mating. Ethol Ecol Evol 32:351–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2020.1715488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Pattij T, de Jong TR, Uitterdijk A et al (2005) Individual differences in male rat ejaculatory behavior: searching for models to study ejaculation disorders. Eur J Neurosci 22:724–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04252.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Olivier B, Chan JSW, Pattij T et al (2006) Psychopharmacology of male rat sexual behavior: modeling human sexual dysfunctions? Int J Impot Res 18:S14–S23. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901330

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Aguilar-Pérez CE, Gómora-Arrati P, Komisaruk BR et al (2020) Threshold for copulation-induced analgesia varies according to the ejaculatory endophenotype in rats. Int J Imp Res. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41443-020-00390-8

  35. Lucio RA, Fernández-Guasti A, Fuentes-Morales MR (2020) Ejaculation latency. In: Shakelford TK (ed) The Cambridge handbook of evolutionary perspectives on sexual psychology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

    Google Scholar 

  36. Blaustein JD, Erskine MS (2002) Feminine sexual behavior: cellular integration of hormonal and afferent information in the rodent forebrain. In: Pfaff DW, Arnold AP, Etgen AM, Fahrbach SE, Rubin RT (eds) Horm. Brain Behav. Academic Press, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  37. Fernández-Guasti A, Ahlenius S, Hjorth S, Larsson K (1987) Separation of dopaminergic and serotonergic inhibitory mechanisms in the mediation of estrogen-induced lordosis behaviour in the rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 27:93–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(87)90482-5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Paredes RG, Vazquez B (1999) What do females rats like about sex? Paced mating. Behav Brain Res 105:117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328(99)00087-x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Erskine MS (1989) Solicitation behavior in the estrous female rat: a review. Horm Behav 23:473–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/0018-506x(89)90037-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. López-Gatius F (2000) Site of semen deposition in cattle: a review. Theriogenology 53:1407–1414. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(00)00283-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Suarez SS, Pacey AA (2006) Sperm transport in the female reproductive tract. Hum Reprod Update 12:23–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmi047

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Balaban B, Sakkas D, Gardner DK (2014) Laboratory procedures for human in vitro fertilization. Semin Reprod Med 32:272–282. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1375179

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Shaban SF, Seager SW, Lipshultz LI (1988) Clinical electroejaculation. Med Instrum 22:77–81

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Poiani A (2006) Complexity of seminal fluid: a review. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 60:289–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00265-006-0178-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Setchell BP, Breed WG (2006) Anatomy, vasculature, and innervation of the male reproductive tract. In: Neill JD (ed) Knobil and Neill’s physiology of reproduction, 3rd edn. Elsevier

    Google Scholar 

  46. Marberger H (1974) The mechanisms of ejaculation. In: Coutinho EM, Fuchs F (eds) Physiology and genetics of reproduction. Part B. Plenum Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  47. Revenig L, Leung A, Hsiao W (2014) Ejaculatory physiology and pathophysiology: assessment and treatment in male infertility. Transl Androl Urol 3:41–49. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2014.02.02

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Gerstenberg TC, Levin RJ, Wagner G (1990) Erection and ejaculation in man-assessment of the electromyographic activity of the bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus muscles. Br J Urol 65:395–402. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410x.1990.tb14764.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Holmes GM, Chapple WD, Leipheimer RE, Sachs BD (1991) Electromyographic analysis of male rat perineal muscles during copulation and reflexive erections. Physiol Behav 49:1235–1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(91)90357-t

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Allard J, Truitt WA, McKenna KE, Coolen LM (2005) Spinal cord control of ejaculation. World J Urol 23:119–126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-004-0494-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Carro-Juárez M, Rodríguez-Manzo G (2008) The spinal pattern generator for ejaculation. Brain Res Rev 58:106–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.12.002

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Veening JG, Coolen LM (2014) Neural mechanisms of sexual behavior I the male rat: emphasis on ejaculation-related circuits. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 121:170–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2013.12.017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Austin D, Dewsbury D (1986) Reproductive capacity of male laboratory rats. Physiol Behav 37:627–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(86)90297-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Matthews M, Adler NT (1977) Facilitative and inhibitory influences of reproductive behavior on sperm transport in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 91:727–741. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0077364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Pound N, Gage MJG (2004) Prudent sperm allocation in Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus: a mammalian model of adaptative ejaculate adjustment. Anim Behav 68:819–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.02.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Lucio RA, Fernández-Guasti A, Larsson K (2017) Male sexual satiety and the Coolidge effect in rats: relation between behavioral and seminal parameters. In: Komisaruk BR, González-Mariscal G (eds) Behavioral neuroendocrinology. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL

    Google Scholar 

  57. Carballada R, Esponda P (1992) Role of fluid from seminal vesicles and coagulating glands in sperm transport into the uterus and fertility in rats. J Reprod Fertil 95:639–648. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0950639

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Blandau RJ (1945) On the factors involved in sperm transport through the cervix uteri of the albino rat. Am J Anat 77:253–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/aja.1000770205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Toner JP, Adler NT (1985) The role of uterine luminal fluid in uterine contractions, sperm transport and fertility of rats. J Reprod Fertil 74:295–302. https://doi.org/10.1530/jrf.0.0740295

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Pfaus JG, Kippin TE, Coria-Avila G (2003) What can animal models tell us about human sexual response? Annu Rev Sex Res 14:1–63

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Petrie WM (1985) The sexual effects of antipsychotic, antidepressant, and psychomotor stimulant drugs. In: Segal M (ed) Psychopharmacology of sexual disorders. John Libbey, London

    Google Scholar 

  62. Lal S, Laryea E, Thavundayil JX et al (1987) Apomorphine-induced penile tumescence in impotent patients preliminary findings. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 11:235–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-5846(87)90066-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Melis MR, Argiolas A, Gessa GL (1987) Apomorphine-induced penile erection and yawning: site of action in brain. Brain Res 415:98–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(87)90272-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Pfaus JG, Phillips AG (1991) Role of dopamine in anticipatory and consummatory aspects of sexual behavior in the male rat. Behav Neurosci 105:727–743. https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7044.105.5.727

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Althof SE, Abdo CHN, Dean J et al (2010) International Society for Sexual Medicine’s guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of premature ejaculation. J Sex Med 7:2947–2969. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01975.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC

    Book  Google Scholar 

  67. Wolters JP, Hellstrom WJ (2006) Current concepts in ejaculatory dysfunction. Rev Urol 8(Suppl 4):S18–S25

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Gray M, Zillioux J, Khourdaji I, Smith RP (2018) Contemporary management of ejaculatory dysfunction. Transl Androl Urol 7:686–702. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2018.06.20

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Carson C, Gunn K (2006) Premature ejaculation: definition and prevalence. Int J Impot Res 18(Suppl 1):S5–13. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901507

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Chen J (2016) The pathophysiology of delayed ejaculation. Transl Androl Urol 5:549–562. https://doi.org/10.21037/tau.2016.05.03

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Waldinger MD (2002) The neurobiological approach to premature ejaculation. J Urol 168:2359–2367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)64146-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Waldinger MD, Schweitzer DH (2005) Retarded ejaculation in men: an overview of psychological and neurobiological insights. World J Urol 23:76–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-004-0487-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Barazani Y, Stahl PJ, Nagler HM, Stember DS (2012) Management of ejaculatory disorders in infertile men. Asian J Androl 14:525–529. https://doi.org/10.1038/aja.2012.29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Kondoh N (2012) Ejaculatory dysfunction as a cause of infertility. Reprod Med Biol 11:59–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12522-011-0108-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Lotti F, Corona G, Castellini G et al (2016) Semen quality impairment is associated with sexual dysfunction according to its severity. Hum Reprod 31:2668–2680. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew246

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Yang X, Gao M, Zhang L et al (2018) Central neural correlates during inhibitory control in lifelong premature ejaculation patients. Front Hum Neurosci 12:206. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00206

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Koyuncu H, Serefoglu EC, Yencilek E et al (2011) Escitalopram treatment for premature ejaculation has a negative effect on semen parameters. Int J Impot Res 23:257–261. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2011.35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Koyuncu H, Serefoglu EC, Ozdemir AT, Hellstrom WJ (2012) Deleterious effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment on semen parameters in patients with lifelong premature ejaculation. Int J Impot Res 24:171–173. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijir.2012.12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Camacho FJ, Castro M, Hernández V, Paredes RG (2007) Facilitation of ejaculation induced by 8-OH-DPAT does not produce conditioned place preference in male rats. Behav Neurosci 121:579–585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7044.121.3.579

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Haensel SM, Mos J, Olivier B, Slob AK (1991) Sex behavior of male and female Wistar rats affected by the serotonin agonist 8-OH-DPAT. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 40:221–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(91)90543-b

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Claro F, Segovia S, Guilamón A, Del Abril A (1995) Lesions in the medial posterior region of the BST impair sexual behavior in sexually experienced and inexperienced male rats. Brain Res Bull 36:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(94)00118-k

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Harris VS, Sachs BD (1975) Copulatory behavior in male rats following amygdaloid lesions. Brain Res 86:514–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(75)90906-3

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Waldinger MD, Olivier B (2005) Animal models of premature and retarded ejaculation. World J Urol 23:115–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-004-0493-x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Belzung C, Lemoine M (2011) Criteria of validity for animal models of psychiatric disorders: focus on anxiety disorders and depression. Biol Mood Anxiety Disord 1:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-5380-1-9

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Treit D, Engin E, McEown K (2010) Animal models of anxiety and anxiolytic drug action. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2:121–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2009_17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Authors wish to thank M. Sc. Rebeca Reyes for carefully editing the manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alonso Fernández-Guasti .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Lucio, R.A., Fuentes-Morales, M.R., Fernández-Guasti, A. (2023). Copulation in Rats: Analysis of Behavioral and Seminal Parameters. In: Paredes, R.G., Portillo, W., Bedos, M. (eds) Animal Models of Reproductive Behavior. Neuromethods, vol 200. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3234-5_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-3234-5_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-3233-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-3234-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics