Abstract
Classical in vivo infection models are oftentimes associated with speculation due to the many physiological factors that are unseen or not accounted for when analyzing experimental outputs, especially when solely utilizing the classic approach of tissue-derived colony-forming unit (CFU) enumeration. To better understand the steps and natural progression of bacterial infection, the pathophysiology of individual organs with which the bacteria interact in their natural course of infection must be considered. In this case, it is not only important to isolate organs as much as possible from additional physiological processes, but to also consider the dynamics of the bacteria at the cellular level within these organs of interest. Here, we describe in detail two models, ex vivo porcine liver and spleen coperfusion and a murine infection model, and the numerous associated experimental outputs produced by these models that can be taken and used together to investigate the pathogen–host interactions within tissues in depth.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Golding H, Khurana S, Zaitseva M (2018) What is the predictive value of animal models for vaccine efficacy in humans? The importance of bridging studies and species--independent correlates of protection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 10(4):a028902. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a028902
Pizza M, Scarlato V, Masignani V et al (2000) Identification of vaccine candidates against serogroup B meningococcus by whole--genome sequencing. Science 287(5459):1816–1820. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5459.1816
Borrow R, Carlone GM, Rosenstein N et al (2006) Neisseria meningitidis group B correlates of protection and assay standardization—international meeting report Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 16–17 march 2005. Vaccine 24(24):5093–5107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.03.091
Romero--Steiner S, Frasch CE, Carlone G et al (2006) Use of Opsonophagocytosis for serological evaluation of pneumococcal vaccines. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13(2):165–169. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.13.2.165-169.2006
Ercoli G, Fernandes VE, Chung WY et al (2018) Intracellular replication of Streptococcus pneumoniae inside splenic macrophages serves as a reservoir for septicaemia. Nat Microbiol 3(5):600–610. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-018-0147-1
Chung WY, Wanford JJ, Kumar R et al (2019) An ex vivo porcine spleen perfusion as a model of bacterial sepsis. ALTEX 36(1):29–38. https://doi.org/10.14573/altex.1805131
Kadioglu A, Weiser JN, Paton JC et al (2008) The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors in host respiratory colonization and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol 6(4):288–301. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1871
Chiavolini D, Pozzi G, Ricci S (2008) Animal models of Streptococcus pneumoniae disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 21(4):666–685. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00012-08
Kadioglu A, Cuppone AM, Trappetti C et al (2011) Sex--based differences in susceptibility to respiratory and systemic pneumococcal disease in mice. J Infect Dis 204(12):1971–1979. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jir657
Gerlini A, Colomba L, Furi L et al (2014) The role of host and microbial factors in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal Bacteraemia arising from a single bacterial cell bottleneck. PLoS Pathog 10(3):e1004026. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1004026
Iannelli F, Chiavolini D, Ricci S et al (2004) Pneumococcal surface protein C contributes to sepsis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. Infect Immun 72(5):3077–3080. https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.5.3077-3080.2004
Oggioni MR, Trappetti C, Kadioglu A et al (2006) Switch from planktonic to sessile life: a major event in pneumococcal pathogenesis. Mol Microbiol 61(5):1196–1210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05310.x
Kerr AR, Paterson GK, McCluskey J et al (2006) The contribution of PspC to pneumococcal virulence varies between strains and is accomplished by both complement evasion and complement--independent mechanisms. Infect Immun 74(9):5319–5324. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00543-06
Manso AS, Chai MH, Atack JM et al (2014) A random six--phase switch regulates pneumococcal virulence via global epigenetic changes. Nat Commun 5(1):5055. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms6055
Ricci S, Janulczyk R, Gerlini A et al (2011) The factor H--binding fragment of PspC as a vaccine antigen for the induction of protective humoral immunity against experimental pneumococcal sepsis. Vaccine 29(46):8241–8249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.119
Rukke HV, Kalluru RS, Repnik U et al (2014) Protective role of the capsule and impact of serotype 4 switching on Streptococcus mitis. Infect Immun 82(9):3790–3801. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.01840-14
Yue F, Cheng Y, Breschi A et al (2014) A comparative encyclopedia of DNA elements in the mouse genome. Nature (London) 515(7527):355–364. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13992
Steiniger BS (2015) Human spleen microanatomy: why mice do not suffice. Immunology 145(3):334–346. https://doi.org/10.1111/imm.12469
Mestas J, Hughes CCW (2004) Of mice and not men: differences between mouse and human immunology. J Immunol 172(5):2731–2738. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.5.2731
Chung WY, Gravante G, Al-Leswas D et al (2013) The development of a multiorgan ex vivo perfused model: results with the porcine liver--kidney circuit over 24 h. Artif Organs 37(5):457–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/aor.12003
Daniel CR, Labens R, Argyle D et al (2018) Extracorporeal perfusion of isolated organs of large animals—bridging the gap between in vitro and in vivo studies. ALTEX 35(1):77–98. https://doi.org/10.14573/altex.1611291
Meurens F, Summerfield A, Nauwynck H et al (2012) The pig: a model for human infectious diseases. Trends Microbiol 20(1):50–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2011.11.002
Ramos-Vara JA, Miller MA (2013) When tissue antigens and antibodies get along: revisiting the technical aspects of immunohistochemistry--the red, brown, and blue technique. Vet Pathol 51(1):42–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985813505879
Butler AJ, Rees MA, Wight DGD et al (2002) Successful extracorporeal porcine liver perfusion for 72 h. Transplantation 73(8):1212–1218
Acknowledgements
We thank John Isherwood and Rohan Kumar for help with the perfusion of the porcine organs at explant, the staff of Joseph Morris Butchers, and Sarah Glenn and the staff of the Leicester Preclinical Research Facility for support with the mouse experiments. The grant was in part supported by a collaboration agreement with the University of Oxford and grants from the MRC MR/M003078/1 and BBSRC BB/S507052/1 to MRO. ZJ is funded by BBSRC BB/S507052/1.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Hames, R.G. et al. (2022). Analyzing Macrophage Infection at the Organ Level. In: Bidmos, F., Bossé, J., Langford, P. (eds) Bacterial Vaccines. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2414. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1900-1_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1900-1_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1899-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1900-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols