Abstract
3D brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) possess the remarkable ability to self-organize and differentiate into tissue resembling the early human fetal brain. Brain organoids provide a powerful tool for studying human brain development and disease in an in vitro system. Here we describe a protocol for the differentiation of hPSCs to human cerebral organoids using a commercially available kit (STEMdiff™ Cerebral Organoid Kit) and discuss methods to scale up the protocol in a high-throughput manner.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lancaster MA, Knoblich JA (2014) Organogenesis in a dish: modeling development and disease using organoid technologies. Science 345:1247125
Watanabe K, Kamiya D, Nishiyama A, Katayama T, Nozaki S, Kawasaki H, Watanabe Y, Mizuseki K, Sasai Y (2005) Directed differentiation of telencephalic precursors from embryonic stem cells. Nat Neurosci 8:288–296
Eiraku M, Watanabe K, Matsuo-Takasaki M, Kawada M, Yonemura S, Matsumura M, Wataya T, Nishiyama A, Muguruma K, Sasai Y (2008) Self-organized formation of polarized cortical tissues from ESCs and its active manipulation by extrinsic signals. Cell Stem Cell 3:519–532
Eiraku M, Takata N, Ishibashi H, Kawada M, Sakakura E, Okuda S, Sekiguchi K, Adachi T, Sasai Y (2011) Self-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture. Nature 472:51–56
Nakano T, Ando S, Takata N, Kawada M, Muguruma K, Sekiguchi K, Saito K, Yonemura S, Eiraku M, Sasai Y (2012) Self-formation of optic cups and storable stratified neural retina from human ESCs. Cell Stem Cell 10:771–785
Kadoshima T, Sakaguchi H, Nakano T, Soen M, Ando S, Eiraku M, Sasai Y (2013) Self-organization of axial polarity, inside-out layer pattern, and species-specific progenitor dynamics in human ES cell-derived neocortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:20284–20289
Lancaster MA, Renner M, Martin CA, Wenzel D, Bicknell LS, Hurles ME, Homfray T, Penninger JM, Jackson AP, Knoblich JA (2013) Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature 501:373–379
Lancaster MA, Knoblich JA (2014) Generation of cerebral organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc 9:2329–2340
Quadrato G, Nguyen T, Macosko EZ, Sherwood JL, Min Yang S, Berger DR, Maria N, Scholvin J, Goldman M, Kinney JP, Boyden ES, Lichtman JW, Williams ZM, McCarroll SA, Arlotta P (2017) Cell diversity and network dynamics in photosensitive human brain organoids. Nature 545:48–53
Paşca AM, Sloan SA, Clarke LE, Tian Y, Makinson CD, Huber N, Kim CH, Park JY, O'Rourke NA, Nguyen KD, Smith SJ, Huguenard JR, Geschwind DH, Barres BA, Paşca SP (2015) Functional cortical neurons and astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture. Nat Methods 12:671–678
Qian X, Nguyen HN, Song MM, Hadiono C, Ogden SC, Hammack C, Yao B, Hamersky GR, Jacob F, Zhong C, Yoon KJ, Jeang W, Lin L, Li Y, Thakor J, Berg DA, Zhang C, Kang E, Chickering M, Nauen D, Ho CY, Wen Z, Christian KM, Shi PY, Maher BJ, Wu H, Jin P, Tang H, Song H, Ming GL (2016) Brain-region-specific organoids using mini-bioreactors for modeling ZIKV exposure. Cell 165:1238–1254
Qian X, Jacob F, Song MM, Nguyen HN, Song H, Ming GL (2018) Generation of human brain region-specific organoids using a miniaturized spinning bioreactor. Nat Protoc 13:565–580
Bagley JA, Reumann D, Bian S, Lévi-Strauss J, Knoblich JA (2017) Fused cerebral organoids model interactions between brain regions. Nat Methods 14:743–751
Birey F, Andersen J, Makinson CD, Islam S, Wei W, Huber N, Fan HC, Metzler KRC, Panagiotakos G, Thom N, O'Rourke NA, Steinmetz LM, Bernstein JA, Hallmayer J, Huguenard JR, Paşca SP (2017) Assembly of functionally integrated human forebrain spheroids. Nature 545:54–59
Xiang Y, Tanaka Y, Patterson B, Kang YJ, Govindaiah G, Roselaar N, Cakir B, Kim KY, Lombroso AP, Hwang SM, Zhong M, Stanley EG, Elefanty AG, Naegele JR, Lee SH, Weissman SM, Park IH (2017) Fusion of regionally specified hPSC-derived organoids models human brain development and interneuron migration. Cell Stem Cell 21(383–98):e7
Jo J, Xiao Y, Sun AX, Cukuroglu E, Tran HD, Göke J, Tan ZY, Saw TY, Tan CP, Lokman H, Lee Y, Kim D, Ko HS, Kim SO, Park JH, Cho NJ, Hyde TM, Kleinman JE, Shin JH, Weinberger DR, Tan EK, Je HS, Ng HH (2016) Midbrain-like organoids from human pluripotent stem cells contain functional dopaminergic and neuromelanin-producing neurons. Cell Stem Cell 19:248–257
Monzel AS, Smits LM, Hemmer K, Hachi S, Moreno EL, van Wuellen T, Jarazo J, Walter J, Brüggemann I, Boussaad I, Berger E, Fleming RMT, Bolognin S, Schwamborn JC (2017) Derivation of human midbrain-specific organoids from neuroepithelial stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 8:1144–1154
Sakaguchi H, Kadoshima T, Soen M, Narii N, Ishida Y, Ohgushi M, Takahashi J, Eiraku M, Sasai Y (2015) Generation of functional hippocampal neurons from self-organizing human embryonic stem cell-derived dorsomedial telencephalic tissue. Nat Commun 6:8896
Ozone C, Suga H, Eiraku M, Kadoshima T, Yonemura S, Takata N, Oiso Y, Tsuji T, Sasai Y (2016) Functional anterior pituitary generated in self-organizing culture of human embryonic stem cells. Nat Commun 7:10351
Muguruma K, Nishiyama A, Kawakami H, Hashimoto K, Sasai Y (2015) Self-organization of polarized cerebellar tissue in 3D culture of human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Rep 10(4):537–550
Renner M, Lancaster MA, Bian S, Choi H, Ku T, Peer A, Chung K, Knoblich JA (2017) Self-organized developmental patterning and differentiation in cerebral organoids. EMBO J 36:1316–1329
Camp JG, Badsha F, Florio M, Kanton S, Gerber T, Wilsch-Bräuninger M, Lewitus E, Sykes A, Hevers W, Lancaster M, Knoblich JA, Lachmann R, Pääbo S, Huttner WB, Treutlein B (2015) Human cerebral organoids recapitulate gene expression programs of fetal neocortex development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 112:15672–15677
Luo C, Lancaster MA, Castanon R, Nery JR, Knoblich JA, Ecker JR (2016) Cerebral organoids recapitulate epigenomic signatures of the human fetal brain. Cell Rep 17:3369–3384
Velasco S, Kedaigle AJ, Simmons SK, Nash A, Rocha M, Quadrato G, Paulsen B, Nguyen L, Adiconis X, Regev A, Levin JZ, Arlotta P (2019) Individual brain organoids reproducibly form cell diversity of the human cerebral cortex. Nature 570:523–527
Bhaduri A, Andrews MG, Mancia Leon W, Jung D, Shin D, Allen D, Jung D, Schmunk G, Haeussler M, Salma J, Pollen AA, Nowakowski TJ, Kriegstein AR (2020) Cell stress in cortical organoids impairs molecular subtype specification. Nature 578:142–148
Di Lullo E, Kriegstein AR (2017) The use of brain organoids to investigate neural development and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 18:573–584
Koo B, Choi B, Park H, Yoon KJ (2019) Past, present, and future of brain organoid technology. Mol Cells 42:617–627
Tian A, Muffat J, Li Y (2020) Studying human neurodevelopment and diseases using 3D brain organoids. J Neurosci 40:1186–1193
Amin ND, Paşca SP (2018) Building models of brain disorders with three-dimensional organoids. Neuron 100:389–405
Mora-Bermúdez F, Badsha F, Kanton S, Camp JG, Vernot B, Köhler K, Voigt B, Okita K, Maricic T, He Z, Lachmann R, Pääbo S, Treutlein B, Huttner WB (2016) Differences and similarities between human and chimpanzee neural progenitors during cerebral cortex development. Elife 5:e18683
Kanton S, Boyle MJ, He Z, Santel M, Weigert A, Sanchís-Calleja F, Guijarro P, Sidow L, Fleck JS, Han D, Qian Z, Heide M, Huttner WB, Khaitovich P, Pääbo S, Treutlein B, Camp JG (2019) Organoid single-cell genomic atlas uncovers human-specific features of brain development. Nature 574:418–422
Bershteyn M, Nowakowski TJ, Pollen AA, Di Lullo E, Nene A, Wynshaw-Boris A, Kriegstein AR (2017) Human iPSC-derived cerebral organoids model cellular features of lissencephaly and reveal prolonged mitosis of outer radial glia. Cell Stem Cell 20(435–49):e4
Iefremova V, Manikakis G, Krefft O, Jabali A, Weynans K, Wilkens R, Marsoner F, Brändl B, Müller FJ, Koch P, Ladewig J (2017) An organoid-based model of cortical development identifies non-cell-autonomous defects in Wnt signaling contributing to miller-Dieker syndrome. Cell Rep 19:50–59
Cugola FR, Fernandes IR, Russo FB, Freitas BC, Dias JL, Guimarães KP, Benazzato C, Almeida N, Pignatari GC, Romero S, Polonio CM, Cunha I, Freitas CL, Brandão WN, Rossato C, Andrade DG, Faria Dde P, Garcez AT, Buchpigel CA, Braconi CT, Mendes E, Sall AA, Zanotto PM, Peron JP, Muotri AR, Beltrão-Braga PC (2016) The Brazilian Zika virus strain causes birth defects in experimental models. Nature 534:267–271
Garcez PP, Loiola EC, Madeiro da Costa R, Higa LM, Trindade P, Delvecchio R, Nascimento JM, Brindeiro R, Tanuri A, Rehen SK (2016) Zika virus impairs growth in human neurospheres and brain organoids. Science 352:816–818
Bian S, Repic M, Guo Z, Kavirayani A, Burkard T, Bagley JA, Krauditsch C, Knoblich JA (2018) Genetically engineered cerebral organoids model brain tumor formation. Nat Methods 15:631–639
Ogawa J, Pao GM, Shokhirev MN, Verma IM (2018) Glioblastoma model using human cerebral organoids. Cell Rep 23:1220–1229
Takebe T, Wells JM, Helmrath MA, Zorn AM (2018) Organoid center strategies for accelerating clinical translation. Cell Stem Cell 22:806–809
Choudhury D, Ashok A, Naing MW (2020) Commercialization of organoids. Trends Mol Med 26(3):245–249
Lancaster MA, Corsini NS, Wolfinger S, Gustafson EH, Phillips AW, Burkard TR, Otani T, Livesey FJ, Knoblich JA (2017) Guided self-organization and cortical plate formation in human brain organoids. Nat Biotechnol 35:659–666
Shi SR, Cote RJ, Taylor CR (1997) Antigen retrieval immunohistochemistry: past, present, and future. J Histochem Cytochem 45:327–343
Qian X, Su Y, Adam CD, Deutschmann AU, Pather SR, Goldberg EM, Su K, Li S, Lu L, Jacob F, Nguyen PTT, Huh S, Hoke A, Swinford-Jackson SE, Wen Z, Gu X, Pierce RC, Wu H, Briand LA, Chen HI, Wolf JA, Song H, Ming GL (2020) Sliced human cortical organoids for modeling distinct cortical layer formation. Cell Stem Cell 26(5):766–781.e9
Acknowledgments
We’d like to thank Marianne Chomiak for her feedback on the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Chew, L., Añonuevo, A., Knock, E. (2022). Generating Cerebral Organoids from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. In: Deleyrolle, L.P. (eds) Neural Progenitor Cells. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2389. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1783-0_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1783-0_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1782-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1783-0
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols