Abstract
The PhosPhAt 4.0 database contains information on Arabidopsis phosphorylation sites identified by mass spectrometry in large-scale experiments from different research groups. So far PhosPhAt 4.0 has been one of the most significant large-scale data resources for plant phosphorylation studies. Functionalities of the web application, besides display of phosphorylation sites, include phosphorylation site prediction and kinase–target relationships retrieval. Here, we present an overview and user instructions for the PhosPhAt 4.0 database, with strong emphasis on recent renewals regarding protein annotation by SUBA4.0 and Mapman4, and additional phosphorylation site information imported from other databases, such as UniProt. Here, we provide a user guide for the retrieval of phosphorylation motifs from the kinase–target database and how to visualize these results. The improvements incorporated into the PhosPhAt 4.0 database have produced much more functionality and user flexibility for phosphoproteomic analysis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Schulze WX, Yao Q, Xu D (2015) Databases for plant phosphoproteomics. Methods Mol Biol 1306:207–216
Yao Q, Xu D (2017) Bioinformatics analysis of protein phosphorylation in plant systems biology using P3DB. Methods Mol Biol 1558:127–138
Humphrey SJ, James DE, Mann M (2015) Protein phosphorylation: a major switch mechanism for metabolic regulation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 26(12):676–687
Champion A, Kreis M, Mockaitis K, Picaud A, Henry Y (2004) Arabidopsis kinome: after the casting. Funct Integr Genomics 4(3):163–187
Wu XN, Xi L, Pertl-Obermeyer H, Li Z, Chu LC, Schulze WX (2017) Highly efficient single-step enrichment of low abundance phosphopeptides from plant membrane preparations. Front Plant Sci 8:1673
Schweighofer A, Meskiene I (2015) Phosphatases in plants. Methods Mol Biol 1306:25–46
Liu Q, Wang Q, Deng W, Wang X, Piao M, Cai D, Li Y, Barshop WD, Yu X, Zhou T, Liu B, Oka Y, Wohlschlegel J, Zuo Z, Lin C (2017) Molecular basis for blue light-dependent phosphorylation of Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2. Nat Commun 8:15234
Perraki A, DeFalco TA, Derbyshire P, Avila J, Sere D, Sklenar J, Qi X, Stransfeld L, Schwessinger B, Kadota Y, Macho AP, Jiang S, Couto D, Torii KU, Menke FLH, Zipfel C (2018) Phosphocode-dependent functional dichotomy of a common co-receptor in plant signalling. Nature 561(7722):248–252
Ding Y, Jia Y, Shi Y, Zhang X, Song C, Gong Z, Yang S (2018) OST1-mediated BTF3L phosphorylation positively regulates CBFs during plant cold responses. EMBO J 37(8)
Barbosa ICR, Hammes UZ, Schwechheimer C (2018) Activation and polarity control of PIN-FORMED auxin transporters by phosphorylation. Trends Plant Sci 23(6):523–538
Li Z, Wang Y, Huang J, Ahsan N, Biener G, Paprocki J, Thelen JJ, Raicu V, Zhao D (2017) Two SERK receptor-like kinases interact with EMS1 to control anther cell fate determination. Plant Physiol 173(1):326–337
Hu C, Zhu Y, Cui Y, Cheng K, Liang W, Wei Z, Zhu M, Yin H, Zeng L, Xiao Y, Lv M, Yi J, Hou S, He K, Li J, Gou X (2018) A group of receptor kinases are essential for CLAVATA signalling to maintain stem cell homeostasis. Nat Plants 4(4):205–211
Luo X, Wu W, Liang Y, Xu N, Wang Z, Zou H, Liu J (2020) Tyrosine phosphorylation of the lectin receptor-like kinase LORE regulates plant immunity. EMBO J 39(4):e102856
Sugano S, Maeda S, Hayashi N, Kajiwara H, Inoue H, Jiang CJ, Takatsuji H, Mori M (2018) Tyrosine phosphorylation of a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, BSR1, plays a crucial role in resistance to multiple pathogens in rice. Plant J 96(6):1137–1147
Eisenach C, Baetz U, Huck NV, Zhang J, De Angeli A, Beckers GJM, Martinoia E (2017) ABA-induced stomatal closure involves ALMT4, a phosphorylation-dependent vacuolar anion channel of Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 29(10):2552–2569
Trotta A, Bajwa AA, Mancini I, Paakkarinen V, Pribil M, Aro EM (2019) The role of phosphorylation dynamics of CURVATURE THYLAKOID 1B in plant thylakoid membranes. Plant Physiol 181(4):1615–1631
Chan A, Carianopol C, Tsai AY, Varatharajah K, Chiu RS, Gazzarrini S (2017) SnRK1 phosphorylation of FUSCA3 positively regulates embryogenesis, seed yield, and plant growth at high temperature in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 68(15):4219–4231
Erwig J, Ghareeb H, Kopischke M, Hacke R, Matei A, Petutschnig E, Lipka V (2017) Chitin-induced and CHITIN ELICITOR RECEPTOR KINASE1 (CERK1) phosphorylation-dependent endocytosis of Arabidopsis thaliana LYSIN MOTIF-CONTAINING RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE5 (LYK5). New Phytol 215(1):382–396
Kimura S, Hunter K, Vaahtera L, Tran HC, Citterico M, Vaattovaara A, Rokka A, Stolze SC, Harzen A, Meissner L, Wilkens MMT, Hamann T, Toyota M, Nakagami H, Wrzaczek M (2020) CRK2 and C-terminal phosphorylation of NADPH oxidase RBOHD regulate reactive oxygen species production in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 32(4):1063–1080
Van Leene J, Han C, Gadeyne A, Eeckhout D, Matthijs C, Cannoot B, De Winne N, Persiau G, Van De Slijke E, Van de Cotte B, Stes E, Van Bel M, Storme V, Impens F, Gevaert K, Vandepoele K, De Smet I, De Jaeger G (2019) Capturing the phosphorylation and protein interaction landscape of the plant TOR kinase. Nat Plants 5(3):316–327
van Wijk KJ, Friso G, Walther D, Schulze WX (2014) Meta-analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana phospho-proteomics data reveals compartmentalization of phosphorylation motifs. Plant Cell 26(6):2367–2389
Zhang T, Schneider JD, Lin C, Geng S, Ma T, Lawrence SR, Dufresne CP, Harmon AC, Chen S (2019) MPK4 phosphorylation dynamics and interacting proteins in plant immunity. J Proteome Res 18(3):826–840
Wong MM, Bhaskara GB, Wen TN, Lin WD, Nguyen TT, Chong GL, Verslues PE (2019) Phosphoproteomics of Arabidopsis highly ABA-Induced1 identifies AT-hook-Like10 phosphorylation required for stress growth regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116(6):2354–2363
Waterworth WM, Wilson M, Wang D, Nuhse T, Warward S, Selley J, West CE (2019) Phosphoproteomic analysis reveals plant DNA damage signalling pathways with a functional role for histone H2AX phosphorylation in plant growth under genotoxic stress. Plant J 100(5):1007–1021
Cheng H, Deng W, Wang Y, Ren J, Liu Z, Xue Y (2014) dbPPT: a comprehensive database of protein phosphorylation in plants. Database 2014:bau121
Willems P, Horne A, Van Parys T, Goormachtig S, De Smet I, Botzki A, Van Breusegem F, Gevaert K (2019) The plant PTM viewer, a central resource for exploring plant protein modifications. Plant J 99(4):752–762
Heazlewood JL, Durek P, Hummel J, Selbig J, Weckwerth W, Walther D, Schulze WX (2008) PhosPhAt: a database of phosphorylation sites in Arabidopsis thaliana and a plant-specific phosphorylation site predictor. Nucleic Acids Res 36(Database issue):D1015–D1021
Durek P, Schmidt R, Heazlewood JL, Jones A, MacLean D, Nagel A, Kersten B, Schulze WX (2010) PhosPhAt: the Arabidopsis thaliana phosphorylation site database. An update. Nucleic Acids Res 38(Database issue):D828–D834
Zulawski M, Braginets R, Schulze WX (2013) PhosPhAt goes kinases—searchable protein kinase target information in the plant phosphorylation site database PhosPhAt. Nucleic Acids Res 41(Database issue):D1176–D1184
Ross KE, Huang H, Ren J, Arighi CN, Li G, Tudor CO, Lv M, Lee JY, Chen SC, Vijay-Shanker K, Wu CH (2017) iPTMnet: integrative bioinformatics for studying PTM networks. Methods Mol Biol 1558:333–353
Schonberg A, Bergner E, Helm S, Agne B, Dunschede B, Schunemann D, Schutkowski M, Baginsky S (2014) The peptide microarray “ChloroPhos1.0” identifies new phosphorylation targets of plastid casein kinase II (pCKII) in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 9(10):e108344
Dai X, Li J, Liu T, Zhao PX (2016) HRGRN: a graph search-empowered integrative database of Arabidopsis signaling transduction, metabolism and gene regulation networks. Plant Cell Physiol 57(1):e12
Zhang Y, Shi Y, Zhao L, Wei F, Feng Z, Feng H (2019) Phosphoproteomics profiling of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) roots in response to verticillium dahliae inoculation. ACS Omega 4(19):18434–18443
Haj Ahmad F, Wu XN, Stintzi A, Schaller A, Schulze WX (2019) The systemin signaling cascade as derived from time course analyses of the systemin-responsive phosphoproteome. Mol Cell Proteomics 18(8):1526–1542
Gao J, Zhang S, He WD, Shao XH, Li CY, Wei YR, Deng GM, Kuang RB, Hu CH, Yi GJ, Yang QS (2017) Comparative phosphoproteomics reveals an important role of MKK2 in Banana (Musa spp.) cold signal network. Sci Rep 7:40852
Pi E, Qu L, Hu J, Huang Y, Qiu L, Lu H, Jiang B, Liu C, Peng T, Zhao Y, Wang H, Tsai SN, Ngai S, Du L (2016) Mechanisms of soybean roots’ tolerances to salinity revealed by proteomic and phosphoproteomic comparisons between two cultivars. Mol Cell Proteomics 15(1):266–288
Verkest A, Byzova M, Martens C, Willems P, Verwulgen T, Slabbinck B, Rombaut D, Van de Velde J, Vandepoele K, Standaert E, Peeters M, Van Lijsebettens M, Van Breusegem F, De Block M (2015) Selection for improved energy use efficiency and drought tolerance in canola results in distinct transcriptome and epigenome changes. Plant Physiol 168(4):1338–1350
Schwacke R, Ponce-Soto GY, Krause K, Bolger AM, Arsova B, Hallab A, Gruden K, Stitt M, Bolger ME, Usadel B (2019) MapMan4: a refined protein classification and annotation framework applicable to multi-omics data analysis. Mol Plant 12(6):879–892
Thimm O, Blasing O, Gibon Y, Nagel A, Meyer S, Kruger P, Selbig J, Muller LA, Rhee SY, Stitt M (2004) MAPMAN: a user-driven tool to display genomics data sets onto diagrams of metabolic pathways and other biological processes. Plant J 37(6):914–939
Reiland S, Messerli G, Baerenfaller K, Gerrits B, Endler A, Grossmann J, Gruissem W, Baginsky S (2009) Large-scale Arabidopsis phosphoproteome profiling reveals novel chloroplast kinase substrates and phosphorylation networks. Plant Physiol 150(2):889–903
Szick K, Springer M, Bailey-Serres J (1998) Evolutionary analyses of the 12-kDa acidic ribosomal P-proteins reveal a distinct protein of higher plant ribosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(5):2378–2383
Turkina MV, Klang Arstrand H, Vener AV (2011) Differential phosphorylation of ribosomal proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana plants during day and night. PLoS One 6(12):e29307
Rodiger A, Agne B, Baerenfaller K, Baginsky S (2014) Arabidopsis proteomics: a simple and standardizable workflow for quantitative proteome characterization. Methods Mol Biol 1072:275–288
Mergner J, Frejno M, List M, Papacek M, Chen X, Chaudhary A, Samaras P, Richter S, Shikata H, Messerer M, Lang D, Altmann S, Cyprys P, Zolg DP, Mathieson T, Bantscheff M, Hazarika RR, Schmidt T, Dawid C, Dunkel A, Hofmann T, Sprunck S, Falter-Braun P, Johannes F, Mayer KFX, Jürgens G, Wilhelm M, Baumbach J, Grill E, Schneitz K, Schwechheimer C, Kuster B (2020) Mass-spectrometry-based draft of the Arabidopsis proteome. Nature 579(7799):409–414
Christian JO, Braginets R, Schulze WX, Walther D (2012) Characterization and prediction of protein phosphorylation hotspots in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Plant Sci 3:207
Schwartz D, Gygi SP (2005) An iterative statistical approach to the identification of protein phosphorylation motifs from large-scale data sets. Nat Biotechnol 23(11):1391–1398
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Xi, L., Zhang, Z., Schulze, W.X. (2021). PhosPhAt 4.0: An Updated Arabidopsis Database for Searching Phosphorylation Sites and Kinase-Target Interactions. In: Wu, X.N. (eds) Plant Phosphoproteomics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2358. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1625-3_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1625-3_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1624-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1625-3
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols