Abstract
Adhesion between cancer cells and endothelial cells, lining the blood vessels, is an important event in tumor progression and metastasis formation. The expression of Rho GTPases is frequently altered in cancers, and they are known to regulate cell migration through their effects on adhesion and cytoskeletal dynamics. Several different types of assays are used to investigate how cancer cells attach to and cross the endothelium. Here, we describe an in vitro technique to study the effects of Rho GTPases on human cancer cell adhesion to endothelial cells under shear stress coupled to live cell imaging.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ousman SS, Kubes P (2012) Immune surveillance in the central nervous system. Nat Neurosci 15:1096–1101
Reymond N, d’Agua BB, Ridley AJ (2013) Crossing the endothelial barrier during metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 13:858–870
Wirtz D, Konstantopoulos K, Searson PC (2011) The physics of cancer: the role of physical interactions and mechanical forces in metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 11:512–522
Cerutti C, Ridley AJ (2017) Endothelial cell-cell adhesion and signaling. Exp Cell Res 358:31–38
Hodge RG, Ridley AJ (2016) Regulating Rho GTPases and their regulators. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 17:496–510
Lawson CD, Ridley AJ (2018) Rho GTPase signaling complexes in cell migration and invasion. J Cell Biol 217:447–457
Sahai E, Marshall CJ (2002) RHO-GTPases and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2:133–142
Vega FM, Ridley AJ (2008) Rho GTPases in cancer cell biology. FEBS Lett 582:2093–2101
Haga RB, Ridley AJ (2016) Rho GTPases: regulation and roles in cancer cell biology. Small GTPases 7:207–221
Engers R, Ziegler S, Mueller M, Walter A, Willers R, Gabbert HE (2007) Prognostic relevance of increased Rac GTPase expression in prostate carcinomas. Endocr Relat Cancer 14:245–256
Sequeira L, Dubyk CW, Riesenberger TA, Cooper CR, van Golen KL (2008) Rho GTPases in PC-3 prostate cancer cell morphology, invasion and tumor cell diapedesis. Clin Exp Metastasis 25:569–579
Yao H, Dashner EJ, van Golen CM, van Golen KL (2006) RhoC GTPase is required for PC-3 prostate cancer cell invasion but not motility. Oncogene 25:2285–2296
Tajadura-Ortega V, Garg R, Allen R, Owczarek C, Bright MD, Kean S, Mohd-Noor A, Grigoriadis A, Elston TC, Hahn KM, Ridley AJ (2018) An RNAi screen of Rho signalling networks identifies RhoH as a regulator of Rac1 in prostate cancer cell migration. BMC Biol 16:29
Ridley AJ (2013) RhoA, RhoB and RhoC have different roles in cancer cell migration. J Microsc 251:242–249
Kazanietz MG, Caloca MJ (2017) The Rac GTPase in cancer: from old concepts to new paradigms. Cancer Res 77:5445–5451
Orgaz JL, Herraiz C, Sanz-Moreno V (2014) Rho GTPases modulate malignant transformation of tumor cells. Small GTPases 5:e29019
Pandya P, Orgaz JL, Sanz-Moreno V (2017) Modes of invasion during tumour dissemination. Mol Oncol 11:5–27
Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Cantelli G, Bruce F, Sanz-Moreno V (2016) Rho, ROCK and actomyosin contractility in metastasis as drug targets. F1000Res 5(F1000 Faculty Rev):783
Reymond N, Im JH, Garg R, Vega FM, Borda d’Agua B, Riou P, Cox S, Valderrama F, Muschel RJ, Ridley AJ (2012) Cdc42 promotes transendothelial migration of cancer cells through beta1 integrin. J Cell Biol 199:653–668
Reymond N, Im JH, Garg R, Cox S, Soyer M, Riou P, Colomba A, Muschel RJ, Ridley AJ (2015) RhoC and ROCKs regulate cancer cell interactions with endothelial cells. Mol Oncol 9:1043–1055
Georgouli M, Herraiz C, Crosas-Molist E, Fanshawe B, Maiques O, Perdrix A, Pandya P, Rodriguez-Hernandez I, Ilieva KM, Cantelli G, Karagiannis P, Mele S, Lam H, Josephs DH, Matias-Guiu X, Marti RM, Nestle FO, Orgaz JL, Malanchi I, Fruhwirth GO, Karagiannis SN, Sanz-Moreno V (2019) Regional activation of myosin II in cancer cells drives tumor progression via a secretory cross-talk with the immune microenvironment. Cell 176:757–774
Okada T, Sinha S, Esposito I, Schiavon G, Lopez-Lago MA, Su W, Pratilas CA, Abele C, Hernandez JM, Ohara M, Okada M, Viale A, Heguy A, Socci ND, Sapino A, Seshan VE, Long S, Inghirami G, Rosen N, Giancotti FG (2015) The Rho GTPase Rnd1 suppresses mammary tumorigenesis and EMT by restraining Ras-MAPK signalling. Nat Cell Biol 17:81–94
Cerutti C, Soblechero-Martin P, Wu D, Lopez-Ramirez MA, de Vries H, Sharrack B, Male DK, Romero IA (2016) MicroRNA-155 contributes to shear-resistant leukocyte adhesion to human brain endothelium in vitro. Fluids Barriers CNS 13:8
Cerutti C, Edwards LJ, de Vries HE, Sharrack B, Male DK, Romero IA (2017) MiR-126 and miR-126* regulate shear-resistant firm leukocyte adhesion to human brain endothelium. Sci Rep 7:45284
Wirtz D (2012) MO-C-BRCD-02: physics of cancer cell migration. Med Phys 39:3864
Yan WW, Liu Y, Fu BM (2010) Effects of curvature and cell-cell interaction on cell adhesion in microvessels. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 9:629–640
Yan WW, Cai B, Liu Y, Fu BM (2012) Effects of wall shear stress and its gradient on tumor cell adhesion in curved microvessels. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 11:641–653
Follain G, Herrmann D, Harlepp S, Hyenne V, Osmani N, Warren SC, Timpson P, Goetz JG (2020) Fluids and their mechanics in tumour transit: shaping metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer 20:107–124
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Cerutti, C., Ridley, A.J. (2021). Analyzing the Roles of Rho GTPases in Cancer Cell Adhesion to Endothelial Cells Under Flow Conditions. In: Stein, U.S. (eds) Metastasis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2294. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1350-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1350-4_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1349-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1350-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols