The Plant Microbiome pp 77-84 | Cite as
Protists in the Plant Microbiome: An Untapped Field of Research
- 1.1k Downloads
Abstract
Protists are mostly unicellular eukaryotes. Some protists are beneficial for plants, while others live as endosymbionts and can cause severe plant diseases. More detailed studies on plant-protist interactions exist only for plant pathogens and parasites. A number of protists live as inconspicuous endophytes and cause no visible disease symptoms, while others appear closely associated with the rhizosphere or phyllosphere of plants, but we still have only a vague understanding on their identities and functions. Here, we provide a protocol on how to assess the plant-associated protist community via Illumina-sequencing of ribosomal marker-amplicons and describe how to assign taxonomic affiliation to the obtained sequences.
Key words
18S amplicon sequencing PR2 database Oomycota Cercozoa Soil microbial loop Illumina sequencing High-throughput sequencingReferences
- 1.Schwelm A, Badstöber J, Bulman S et al (2018) Not in your usual Top 10: protists that infect plants and algae. Mol Plant Pathol 19:1029–1044CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 2.Guillou L, Bachar D, Audic S et al (2013) The Protist Ribosomal Reference database (PR2): a catalog of unicellular eukaryote Small Sub-Unit rRNA sequences with curated taxonomy. Nucleic Acids Res 41:597–604CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.del Campo J, Kolisko M, Boscaro V et al (2018) EukRef: phylogenetic curation of ribosomal RNA to enhance understanding of eukaryotic diversity and distribution. PLoS Biol 16:e2005849CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- 4.Sapp M, Ploch S, Fiore-Donno AM et al (2017) Protists are an integral part of the Arabidopsis thaliana microbiome. Environ Microbiol 20:30–43CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 5.Flues S, Blokker M, Dumack K et al (2018) Diversity of cercomonad species in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of different plant species with a description of Neocercomonas epiphylla (Cercozoa, Rhizaria ) a leaf-associated protist. J Eukaryot Microbiol 65:587–599CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 6.Dumack K, Flues S, Hermanns K et al (2017) Rhogostomidae (Cercozoa) from soils, roots and plant leaves (Arabidopsis thaliana): description of Rhogostoma epiphylla sp. nov. and R. cylindrica sp. nov. Eur J Protistol 60:76–86CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 7.Ploch S, Rose LE, Bass D et al (2016) High diversity revealed in leaf-associated protists (Rhizaria: Cercozoa) of Brassicaceae. J Eukaryot Microbiol 63:635–641CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- 8.Fiore-Donno AM, Richter-Heitmann T, Degrune F, Dumack K et al (2019) Functional traits and spatio-temporal structure of a major group of soil protists (Rhizaria: Cercozoa) in a temperate grassland. Front Microbiol 10:1–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 9.Kemen AC, Agler MT, Kemen E (2015) Host–microbe and microbe–microbe interactions in the evolution of obligate plant parasitism. New Phytol 206:1207–1228CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 10.Fawke S, Doumane M, Schornack S (2015) Oomycete interactions with plants: infection strategies and resistance principles. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 79:263–280CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- 11.Aist R, Williams PH (1971) The cytology and kinetics of cabbage root hair penetration by Plasmodiophora brassicae. Can J Bot 49:2023–2034CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.Flues S, Bass D, Bonkowski M (2017) Grazing of leaf-associated Cercomonads (Protists: Rhizaria: Cercozoa) structures bacterial community composition and function. Environ Microbiol 19:3297–3309CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 13.Dumack K, Fiore-Donno AM, Bass D et al (2019) Making sense of environmental sequencing data: ecologically important functional traits of the protistan groups Cercozoa and Endomyxa (Rhizaria). Mol Ecol Resour 20:1–6Google Scholar
- 14.Lentendu G, Wubet T, Chatzinotas A et al (2014) Effects of long-term differential fertilization on eukaryotic microbial communities in an arable soil: a multiple barcoding approach. Mol Ecol 23:3341–3355CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 15.Fiore-Donno AM, Weinert J, Wubet T et al (2016) Metacommunity analysis of amoeboid protists in grassland soils. Sci Rep 6:19068CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- 16.Geisen S, Tveit AT, Clark IM et al (2015) Metatranscriptomic census of active protists in soils. ISME J 9:2178–2190CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- 17.Venter PC, Nitsche F, Domonell A et al (2017) The Protistan microbiome of grassland soil : diversity in the mesoscale. Protist 168:546–564CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 18.Schloss PD, Westcott SL, Ryabin T et al (2009) Introducing mothur: open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:7537–7541CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- 19.Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Kindt R et al (2014) Vegan: community ecology package. R Package Version 2.2-0. https://github.com/vegandevs/vegan
- 20.Ovaskainen O, Tikhonov G, Norberg A et al (2017) How to make more out of community data? A conceptual framework and its implementation as models and software. Ecol Lett 20:561–576CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 21.Dunthorn M, Stoeck T, Clamp J et al (2014) Ciliates and the rare biosphere: a review. J Eukaryot Microbiol 61:404–409CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 22.Jousset A, Bienhold C, Chatzinotas A et al (2017) Where less may be more: how the rare biosphere pulls ecosystems strings. ISME J 11:853–862CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
- 23.Fiore-Donno AM, Rixen C, Rippin M et al (2018) New barcoded primers for efficient retrieval of cercozoan sequences in high-throughput environmental diversity surveys, with emphasis on worldwide biological soil crusts. Mol Ecol Resour 18(2):1–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar