Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Surgery for Implantation of Bioengineered Corneal Stroma to Promote Corneal Regeneration

Abstract

The femtosecond laser has achieved widespread use in ophthalmology owing to its ability to deliver focused high energy that is rapidly dissipated and thereby does not damage surrounding tissue outside the precise focal region. Extremely accurate and smooth cuts can be made by the laser, enabling a range of applications in anterior segment surgery. Minimally invasive corneal surgical procedures can be performed using the femtosecond laser, and here we describe the application of such procedures to improve implantation of bioengineered materials into the cornea. Bioengineered corneal tissue, including the collagenous corneal stroma, promises to provide a virtually unlimited supply of biocompatible tissue for treating multiple causes of corneal blindness globally, thereby circumventing problems of donor tissue shortages and access to tissue banking infrastructure. Optimal implantation of bioengineered materials, however, is required, in order to facilitate postoperative wound healing for the maintenance of corneal transparency and avoidance of postoperative complications such as scarring, inflammation, and neovascularization. Moreover, the avoidance of a detrimental physiological physiological wound healing response is critical for facilitating the corneal stromal regeneration enabled by the bioengineered stroma. Without proper implantation, the tissue response will favor inflammation and pathologic processes instead of quiescent keratocyte migration and new collagen production. Here we describe several procedures for optimized biomaterial implantation into the corneal stroma, that facilitate rapid wound healing and regenerative restoration of corneal transparency without the use of human donor tissue. A step-by-step methodology is provided for the use of the femtosecond laser and associated techniques, to enable seamless integration of bioengineered materials into the corneal stroma.