Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear imaging technique that can yield information on the temporal and spatial dynamics of various disease-specific or drug-induced biological alterations in intact tissues and living organisms. In this chapter we elucidate how this information can be generated and used in brain tumor animal models to give insight into tumor characteristics and guide anticancer treatment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Buck AK, Herrmann K, Shen C, Dechow T, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ (2009) Molecular imaging of proliferation in vivo: positron emission tomography with [18F]fluorothymidine. Methods 48:205–215
Xi W, Tian M, Zhang H (2011) Molecular imaging in neuroscience research with small-animal PET in rodents. Neurosci Res 70:133–143
Corcoran A, De Ridder LI, Del Duca D, Kalala OJ, Lah T, Pilkington GJ, Del Maestro RF (2003) Evolution of the brain tumour spheroid model: transcending current model limitations. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 145:819–824
Holtkamp N, Afanasieva A, Elstner A, van Landeghem FK, Konneker M, Kuhn SA, Kettenmann H, von Deimling A (2005) Brain slice invasion model reveals genes differentially regulated in glioma invasion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 336:1227–1233
Ohnishi T, Matsumura H, Izumoto S, Hiraga S, Hayakawa T (1998) A novel model of glioma cell invasion using organotypic brain slice culture. Cancer Res 58:2935–2940
Pilkington GJ, Bjerkvig R, De Ridder L, Kaaijk P (1997) In vitro and in vivo models for the study of brain tumour invasion. Anticancer Res 17:4107–4109
Barth RF, Kaur B (2009) Rat brain tumor models in experimental neuro-oncology: the C6, 9L, T9, RG2, F98, BT4C, RT-2 and CNS-1 gliomas. J Neurooncol 94:299–312
Fomchenko EI, Holland EC (2006) Mouse models of brain tumors and their applications in preclinical trials. Clin Cancer Res 12:5288–5297
Huse JT, Holland EC (2009) Genetically engineered mouse models of brain cancer and the promise of preclinical testing. Brain Pathol 19:132–143
Schnockel U, Hermann S, Stegger L, Law M, Kuhlmann M, Schober O, Schafers K, Schafers M (2010) Small-animal PET: a promising, non-invasive tool in pre-clinical research. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 74:50–54
Herschman HR (2004) PET reporter genes for noninvasive imaging of gene therapy, cell tracking and transgenic analysis. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 51:191–204
Yu EY, Mankoff DA (2007) Positron emission tomography imaging as a cancer biomarker. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 7:659–672
Huang SC (2000) Anatomy of SUV. Standardized uptake value. Nucl Med Biol 27:643–646
Shoghi KI (2009) Quantitative small animal PET. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 53:365–373
Beer AJ, Kessler H, Wester HJ, Schwaiger M (2011) PET Imaging of Integrin alphaVbeta3 Expression. Theranostics 1:48–57
Neves AA, Brindle KM (2006) Assessing responses to cancer therapy using molecular imaging. Biochim Biophys Acta 1766:242–261
Deberardinis RJ, Sayed N, Ditsworth D, Thompson CB (2008) Brick by brick: metabolism and tumor cell growth. Curr Opin Genet Dev 18:54–61
Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, Thompson CB (2009) Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science 324:1029–1033
Dhermain FG, Hau P, Lanfermann H, Jacobs AH, van den Bent MJ (2010) Advanced MRI and PET imaging for assessment of treatment response in patients with gliomas. Lancet Neurol 9:906–920
Herholz K, Coope D, Jackson A (2007) Metabolic and molecular imaging in neuro-oncology. Lancet Neurol 6:711–724
Schober O, Meyer GJ, Stolke D, Hundeshagen H (1985) Brain tumor imaging using C-11-labeled L-methionine and D-methionine. J Nucl Med 26:98–99
Langen KJ, Hamacher K, Weckesser M, Floeth F, Stoffels G, Bauer D, Coenen HH, Pauleit D (2006) O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine: uptake mechanisms and clinical applications. Nucl Med Biol 33:287–294
Jacobs AH, Thomas A, Kracht LW, Li H, Dittmar C, Garlip G, Galldiks N, Klein JC, Sobesky J, Hilker R, Vollmar S, Herholz K, Wienhard K, Heiss WD (2005) 18F-fluoro-L-thymidine and 11C-methylmethionine as markers of increased transport and proliferation in brain tumors. J Nucl Med 46:1948–1958
Popperl G, Kreth FW, Mehrkens JH, Herms J, Seelos K, Koch W, Gildehaus FJ, Kretzschmar HA, Tonn JC, Tatsch K (2007) FET PET for the evaluation of untreated gliomas: correlation of FET uptake and uptake kinetics with tumour grading. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 34:1933–1942
Terakawa Y, Tsuyuguchi N, Iwai Y, Yamanaka K, Higashiyama S, Takami T, Ohata K (2008) Diagnostic accuracy of 11C-methionine PET for differentiation of recurrent brain tumors from radiation necrosis after radiotherapy. J Nucl Med 49:694–699
Galldiks N, Kracht LW, Burghaus L, Thomas A, Jacobs AH, Heiss WD, Herholz K (2006) Use of 11C-methionine PET to monitor the effects of temozolomide chemotherapy in malignant gliomas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33:516–524
Alexiou GA, Tsiouris S, Kyritsis AP, Argyropoulou MI, Voulgaris S, Fotopoulos AD (2010) Assessment of glioma proliferation using imaging modalities. J Clin Neurosci 17:1233–1238
Vesselle H, Grierson J, Muzi M, Pugsley JM, Schmidt RA, Rabinowitz P, Peterson LM, Vallieres E, Wood DE (2002) In vivo validation of 3′deoxy-3′-[(18)F]fluorothymidine ([(18)F]FLT) as a proliferation imaging tracer in humans: correlation of [(18)F]FLT uptake by positron emission tomography with Ki-67 immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry in human lung tumors. Clin Cancer Res 8:3315–3323
Wells P, Gunn RN, Alison M, Steel C, Golding M, Ranicar AS, Brady F, Osman S, Jones T, Price P (2002) Assessment of proliferation in vivo using 2-[(11)C]thymidine positron emission tomography in advanced intra-abdominal malignancies. Cancer Res 62:5698–5702
Buck AK, Bommer M, Stilgenbauer S, Juweid M, Glatting G, Schirrmeister H, Mattfeldt T, Tepsic D, Bunjes D, Mottaghy FM, Krause BJ, Neumaier B, Dohner H, Moller P, Reske SN (2006) Molecular imaging of proliferation in malignant lymphoma. Cancer Res 66:11055–11061
Buck AK, Schirrmeister H, Hetzel M, Von Der Heide M, Halter G, Glatting G, Mattfeldt T, Liewald F, Reske SN, Neumaier B (2002) 3-deoxy-3-[(18)F]fluorothymidine-positron emission tomography for noninvasive assessment of proliferation in pulmonary nodules. Cancer Res 62:3331–3334
Wagner M, Seitz U, Buck A, Neumaier B, Schultheiss S, Bangerter M, Bommer M, Leithauser F, Wawra E, Munzert G, Reske SN (2003) 3′-[18F]fluoro-3′-deoxythymidine ([18F]-FLT) as positron emission tomography tracer for imaging proliferation in a murine B-Cell lymphoma model and in the human disease. Cancer Res 63:2681–2687
Kenny LM, Vigushin DM, Al-Nahhas A, Osman S, Luthra SK, Shousha S, Coombes RC, Aboagye EO (2005) Quantification of cellular proliferation in tumor and normal tissues of patients with breast cancer by [18F]fluorothymidine-positron emission tomography imaging: evaluation of analytical methods. Cancer Res 65:10104–10112
Backes H, Ullrich R, Neumaier B, Kracht L, Wienhard K, Jacobs AH (2009) Noninvasive quantification of 18F-FLT human brain PET for the assessment of tumour proliferation in patients with high-grade glioma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 36:1960–1967
van Waarde A, Cobben DC, Suurmeijer AJ, Maas B, Vaalburg W, de Vries EF, Jager PL, Hoekstra HJ, Elsinga PH (2004) Selectivity of 18F-FLT and 18F-FDG for differentiating tumor from inflammation in a rodent model. J Nucl Med 45:695–700
Lee TS, Ahn SH, Moon BS, Chun KS, Kang JH, Cheon GJ, Choi CW, Lim SM (2009) Comparison of 18F-FDG, 18F-FET and 18F-FLT for differentiation between tumor and inflammation in rats. Nucl Med Biol 36:681–686
Mertens K, Slaets D, Lambert B, Acou M, De Vos F, Goethals I (2010) PET with (18)F-labelled choline-based tracers for tumour imaging: a review of the literature. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37:2188–2193
Kwee SA, Coel MN, Lim J, Ko JP (2004) Combined use of F-18 fluorocholine positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance spectroscopy for brain tumor evaluation. J Neuroimaging 14:285–289
Rottenburger C, Hentschel M, Kelly T, Trippel M, Brink I, Reithmeier T, Tobias Meyer P, Nikkhah G (2011) Comparison of C-11 Methionine and C-11 Choline for PET imaging of brain metastases: a prospective pilot study. Clin Nucl Med 36:639–642
Kwee SA, Ko JP, Jiang CS, Watters MR, Coel MN (2007) Solitary brain lesions enhancing at MR imaging: evaluation with fluorine 18 fluorocholine PET. Radiology 244:557–565
Jouanneau E (2008) Angiogenesis and gliomas: current issues and development of surrogate markers. Neurosurgery 62:31–50, discussion 50
Haubner R, Beer AJ, Wang H, Chen X (2010) Positron emission tomography tracers for imaging angiogenesis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37(Suppl 1):S86–103
Bruehlmeier M, Roelcke U, Schubiger PA, Ametamey SM (2004) Assessment of hypoxia and perfusion in human brain tumors using PET with 18F-fluoromisonidazole and 15O-H2O. J Nucl Med 45:1851–1859
Serganova I, Doubrovin M, Vider J, Ponomarev V, Soghomonyan S, Beresten T, Ageyeva L, Serganov A, Cai S, Balatoni J, Blasberg R, Gelovani J (2004) Molecular imaging of temporal dynamics and spatial heterogeneity of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signal transduction activity in tumors in living mice. Cancer Res 64:6101–6108
Blankenberg FG (2008) In vivo detection of apoptosis. J Nucl Med 49(Suppl 2):81S–95S
Waerzeggers Y, Monfared P, Viel T, Faust A, Kopka K, Schäfers M, Tavitian B, Winkeler A, Jacobs A (in press) Specific biomarkers of receptors, pathways of inhibition and targeted therapies. Part II: pre-clinical developments. Br J Radiol
Shinojima N, Tada K, Shiraishi S, Kamiryo T, Kochi M, Nakamura H, Makino K, Saya H, Hirano H, Kuratsu J, Oka K, Ishimaru Y, Ushio Y (2003) Prognostic value of epidermal growth factor receptor in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Cancer Res 63:6962–6970
Mellinghoff IK, Wang MY, Vivanco I, Haas-Kogan DA, Zhu S, Dia EQ, Lu KV, Yoshimoto K, Huang JH, Chute DJ, Riggs BL, Horvath S, Liau LM, Cavenee WK, Rao PN, Beroukhim R, Peck TC, Lee JC, Sellers WR, Stokoe D, Prados M, Cloughesy TF, Sawyers CL, Mischel PS (2005) Molecular determinants of the response of glioblastomas to EGFR kinase inhibitors. N Engl J Med 353:2012–2024
Stragliotto G, Vega F, Stasiecki P, Gropp P, Poisson M, Delattre JY (1996) Multiple infusions of anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody (EMD 55,900) in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas. Eur J Cancer 32A:636–640
Lee FT, O’Keefe GJ, Gan HK, Mountain AJ, Jones GR, Saunder TH, Sagona J, Rigopoulos A, Smyth FE, Johns TG, Govindan SV, Goldenberg DM, Old LJ, Scott AM (2010) Immuno-PET quantitation of de2-7 epidermal growth factor receptor expression in glioma using 124I-IMP-R4-labeled antibody ch806. J Nucl Med 51:967–972
Gelovani JG (2008) Molecular imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor expression-activity at the kinase level in tumors with positron emission tomography. Cancer Metastasis Rev 27(4):645–53
Miyagawa T, Gogiberidze G, Serganova I, Cai S, Balatoni JA, Thaler HT, Ageyeva L, Pillarsetty N, Finn RD, Blasberg RG (2008) Imaging of HSV-tk Reporter gene expression: comparison between [18F]FEAU, [18F]FFEAU, and other imaging probes. J Nucl Med 49:637–648
Germano IM, Binello E (2009) Gene therapy as an adjuvant treatment for malignant gliomas: from bench to bedside. J Neurooncol 93:79–87
Waerzeggers Y, Monfared P, Viel T, Winkeler A, Voges J, Jacobs AH (2009) Methods to monitor gene therapy with molecular imaging. Methods 48:146–160
Serganova I, Blasberg R (2005) Reporter gene imaging: potential impact on therapy. Nucl Med Biol 32:763–780
Serganova I, Ponomarev V, Blasberg R (2007) Human reporter genes: potential use in clinical studies. Nucl Med Biol 34:791–807
Jacobs A, Tjuvajev JG, Dubrovin M, Akhurst T, Balatoni J, Beattie B, Joshi R, Finn R, Larson SM, Herrlinger U, Pechan PA, Chiocca EA, Breakefield XO, Blasberg RG (2001) Positron emission tomography-based imaging of transgene expression mediated by replication-conditional, oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant vectors in vivo. Cancer Res 61:2983–2995
Jacobs A, Voges J, Reszka R, Lercher M, Gossmann A, Kracht L, Kaestle C, Wagner R, Wienhard K, Heiss WD (2001) Positron-emission tomography of vector-mediated gene expression in gene therapy for gliomas. Lancet 358:727–729
Miletic H, Fischer Y, Litwak S, Giroglou T, Waerzeggers Y, Winkeler A, Li H, Himmelreich U, Lange C, Stenzel W, Deckert M, Neumann H, Jacobs AH, von Laer D (2007) Bystander killing of malignant glioma by bone marrow-derived tumor-infiltrating progenitor cells expressing a suicide gene. Mol Ther 15:1373–1381
Jacobs AH, Rueger MA, Winkeler A, Li H, Vollmar S, Waerzeggers Y, Rueckriem B, Kummer C, Dittmar C, Klein M, Heneka MT, Herrlinger U, Fraefel C, Graf R, Wienhard K, Heiss WD (2007) Imaging-guided gene therapy of experimental gliomas. Cancer Res 67:1706–1715
Alauddin MM, Gelovani JG (2010) Radiolabeled nucleoside analogues for PET imaging of HSV1-tk gene expression. Curr Top Med Chem 10:1617–1632
Hingorani M, Spitzweg C, Vassaux G, Newbold K, Melcher A, Pandha H, Vile R, Harrington K (2010) The biology of the sodium iodide symporter and its potential for targeted gene delivery. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 10:242–267
De Jong M, Valkema R, Jamar F, Kvols LK, Kwekkeboom DJ, Breeman WA, Bakker WH, Smith C, Pauwels S, Krenning EP (2002) Somatostatin receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy of tumors: preclinical and clinical findings. Semin Nucl Med 32:133–140
Shah K, Jacobs A, Breakefield XO, Weissleder R (2004) Molecular imaging of gene therapy for cancer. Gene Ther 11:1175–1187
Jacobs AH, Winkeler A, Hartung M, Slack M, Dittmar C, Kummer C, Knoess C, Galldiks N, Vollmar S, Wienhard K, Heiss WD (2003) Improved herpes simplex virus type 1 amplicon vectors for proportional coexpression of positron emission tomography marker and therapeutic genes. Hum Gene Ther 14:277–297
Bradbury MS, Hambardzumyan D, Zanzonico PB, Schwartz J, Cai S, Burnazi EM, Longo V, Larson SM, Holland EC (2008) Dynamic small-animal PET imaging of tumor proliferation with 3′-deoxy-3′-18F-fluorothymidine in a genetically engineered mouse model of high-grade gliomas. J Nucl Med 49:422–429
Wahl RL, Jacene H, Kasamon Y, Lodge MA (2009) From RECIST to PERCIST: Evolving Considerations for PET response criteria in solid tumors. J Nucl Med 50(Suppl 1):122S–150S
Serkova NJ (2011) Translational imaging endpoints to predict treatment response to novel targeted anticancer agents. Drug Resist 14:224–235
Papadopoulos V, Baraldi M, Guilarte TR, Knudsen TB, Lacapere JJ, Lindemann P, Norenberg MD, Nutt D, Weizman A, Zhang MR, Gavish M (2006) Translocator protein (18 kDa): new nomenclature for the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor based on its structure and molecular function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27:402–409
Chen MK, Guilarte TR (2008) Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO): molecular sensor of brain injury and repair. Pharmacol Ther 118:1–17
Vlodavsky E, Soustiel JF (2007) Immunohistochemical expression of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in human astrocytomas and its correlation with grade of malignancy, proliferation, apoptosis and survival. J Neurooncol 81:1–7
Chelli B, Lena A, Vanacore R, Da Pozzo E, Costa B, Rossi L, Salvetti A, Scatena F, Ceruti S, Abbracchio MP, Gremigni V, Martini C (2004) Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands: mitochondrial transmembrane potential depolarization and apoptosis induction in rat C6 glioma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 68:125–134
Pappata S, Cornu P, Samson Y, Prenant C, Benavides J, Scatton B, Crouzel C, Hauw JJ, Syrota A (1991) PET study of carbon-11-PK 11195 binding to peripheral type benzodiazepine sites in glioblastoma: a case report. J Nucl Med 32:1608–1610
Chauveau F, Van Camp N, Dolle F, Kuhnast B, Hinnen F, Damont A, Boutin H, James M, Kassiou M, Tavitian B (2009) Comparative evaluation of the translocator protein radioligands 11C-DPA-713, 18F-DPA-714, and 11C-PK11195 in a rat model of acute neuroinflammation. J Nucl Med 50:468–476
Van Camp N, Boisgard R, Kuhnast B, Theze B, Viel T, Gregoire MC, Chauveau F, Boutin H, Katsifis A, Dolle F, Tavitian B (2010) In vivo imaging of neuroinflammation: a comparative study between [(18)F]PBR111, [ (11)C]CLINME and [ (11)C]PK11195 in an acute rodent model. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37:962–972
Buck JR, McKinley ET, Hight MR, Fu A, Tang D, Smith RA, Tantawy MN, Peterson TE, Colvin D, Ansari MS, Baldwin RM, Zhao P, Guleryuz S, Manning HC (2011) Quantitative, preclinical PET of translocator protein expression in glioma using 18F-N-fluoroacetyl-N-(2,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-2-phenoxyaniline. J Nucl Med 52:107–114
Hood JD, Cheresh DA (2002) Role of integrins in cell invasion and migration. Nat Rev Cancer 2:91–100
Cox D, Brennan M, Moran N (2010) Integrins as therapeutic targets: lessons and opportunities. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9:804–820
Cai W, Chen X (2006) Anti-angiogenic cancer therapy based on integrin alphavbeta3 antagonism. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 6:407–428
Chen X, Park R, Khankaldyyan V, Gonzales-Gomez I, Tohme M, Moats RA, Bading JR, Laug WE, Conti PS (2006) Longitudinal microPET imaging of brain tumor growth with F-18-labeled RGD peptide. Mol Imaging Biol 8:9–15
Battle MR, Goggi JL, Allen L, Barnett J, Morrison MS (2011) Monitoring tumor response to antiangiogenic sunitinib therapy with 18F-Fluciclatide, an 18F-labeled {alpha}V{beta}3-Integrin and {alpha}V{beta}5-Integrin imaging agent. J Nucl Med 52(3):424–30
Veeravagu A, Liu Z, Niu G, Chen K, Jia B, Cai W, Jin C, Hsu AR, Connolly AJ, Tse V, Wang F, Chen X (2008) Integrin alphavbeta3-targeted radioimmunotherapy of glioblastoma multiforme. Clin Cancer Res 14:7330–7339
Assadian S, Aliaga A, Del Maestro RF, Evans AC, Bedell BJ (2008) FDG-PET imaging for the evaluation of antiglioma agents in a rat model. Neurooncology 10:292–299
Dorsey JF, Mintz A, Tian X, Dowling ML, Plastaras JP, Dicker DT, Kao GD, El-Deiry WS (2009) Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and paclitaxel have cooperative in vivo effects against glioblastoma multiforme cells. Mol Cancer Ther 8:3285–3295
Kroeger KM, Muhammad AK, Baker GJ, Assi H, Wibowo MK, Xiong W, Yagiz K, Candolfi M, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG (2010) Gene therapy and virotherapy: novel therapeutic approaches for brain tumors. Discov Med 10:293–304
Van Gool S, Maes W, Ardon H, Verschuere T, Van Cauter S, De Vleeschouwer S (2009) Dendritic cell therapy of high-grade gliomas. Brain Pathol 19:694–712
Rath P, Shi H, Maruniak JA, Litofsky NS, Maria BL, Kirk MD (2009) Stem cells as vectors to deliver HSV/tk gene therapy for malignant gliomas. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 4:44–49
Rueger MA, Ameli M, Li H, Winkeler A, Rueckriem B, Vollmar S, Galldiks N, Hesselmann V, Fraefel C, Wienhard K, Heiss WD, Jacobs AH (2011) [(1)F]FLT PET for non-invasive monitoring of early response to gene therapy in experimental gliomas. Mol Imaging Biol 13:547–557
Yaghoubi SS, Jensen MC, Satyamurthy N, Budhiraja S, Paik D, Czernin J, Gambhir SS (2009) Noninvasive detection of therapeutic cytolytic T cells with 18F-FHBG PET in a patient with glioma. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 6:53–58
Waerzeggers Y, Klein M, Miletic H, Himmelreich U, Li H, Monfared P, Herrlinger U, Hoehn M, Coenen HH, Weller M, Winkeler A, Jacobs AH (2008) Multimodal imaging of neural progenitor cell fate in rodents. Mol Imaging 7:77–91
Cao F, Drukker M, Lin S, Sheikh AY, Xie X, Li Z, Connolly AJ, Weissman IL, Wu JC (2007) Molecular imaging of embryonic stem cell misbehavior and suicide gene ablation. Cloning Stem Cells 9:107–117
Füchtner F, Steinbach J, Mäding P, Johannsen B (1996) Basic hydrolysis of 18F]fluoro-1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-d-glucose in the preparation of 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose. Appl Radiat Isot 47:61–66
Hamacher K, Coenen HH, Stocklin G (1986) Efficient stereospecific synthesis of no-carrier-added 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose using aminopolyether supported nucleophilic substitution. J Nucl Med 27:235–238
Yun M, Oh SJ, Ha HJ, Ryu JS, Moon DH (2003) High radiochemical yield synthesis of 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine using (5′-O-dimethoxytrityl-2′-deoxy-3′-O-nosyl-beta-D-threo pentofuranosyl)thymine and its 3-N-BOC-protected analogue as a labeling precursor. Nucl Med Biol 30:151–157
Schmitz F, Plenevaux A, Del-Fiore G, Lemaire C, Comar D, Luxen A (1995) Fast routine production of l-[11C-methyl]methionine with Al2O3KF. Appl Radiat Isot 46:893–897
Schafers KP, Reader AJ, Kriens M, Knoess C, Schober O, Schafers M (2005) Performance evaluation of the 32-module quadHIDAC small-animal PET scanner. J Nucl Med 46:996–1004
Vollmar SCJ, Sue M, Klein J, Jacobs AH, Herholz K (2004) In: Kremer K, Macho V (eds) VINCI—Volume Imaging in Neurological Research, Co-Registration and ROIs Forschung und wissenschaftliches Rechnen 2003. Gesellschaft für wissenschaftliche Datenverarbeitung, Göttingen, pp 115–131
Monfared P, Winkeler A, Klein M, Li H, Klose A, Hoesel M, Waerzeggers Y, Korsching S, Jacobs AH (2008) Noninvasive assessment of E2F-1-mediated transcriptional regulation in vivo. Cancer Res 68:5932–5940
Klose A, Waerzeggers Y, Monfared P, Vukicevic S, Kaijzel EL, Winkeler A, Wickenhauser C, Lowik CW, Jacobs AH (2011) Imaging bone morphogenetic protein 7 induced cell cycle arrest in experimental gliomas. Neoplasia 13:276–285
Winkeler A, Sena-Esteves M, Paulis LE, Li H, Waerzeggers Y, Ruckriem B, Himmelreich U, Klein M, Monfared P, Rueger MA, Heneka M, Vollmar S, Hoehn M, Fraefel C, Graf R, Wienhard K, Heiss WD, Jacobs AH (2007) Switching on the lights for gene therapy. PLoS ONE 2:e528
Acknowledgments
Our work is supported in part by the 6th Framework EU grants EMIL (LSHC-CT-2004-503569), DiMI (LSHB-CT-2005-512146) and CliniGene NoE (LSHB-CT-2006-018933), the Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) grant QuIC-ConCePT (Quantitative Imaging in Cancer: Connecting Cellular Processes with Therapy), the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) project Euro-BioImaging and by the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (MoBiMed 01EZ0811). We thank Nina Gerigk (EIMI, Münster) for the design of Fig. 1.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Waerzeggers, Y. et al. (2012). Positron Emission Tomography-Based Molecular Imaging. In: Martínez Murillo, R., Martínez, A. (eds) Animal Models of Brain Tumors. Neuromethods, vol 77. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/7657_2012_36
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7657_2012_36
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-208-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-209-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols