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Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology pp 17–42Cite as

Critical Periods of Development in Teratology

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Part of the book series: Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology ((MIPT))

Abstract

Several years ago Wilson (1973) postulated his principles of teratogenesis, which have been revisited previously. However, there is a strong need to evaluate critically and summarize recent advances in the area of susceptible periods in teratology. This review focused on three model teratogens, namely ionizing radiation, congenital rubella, and retinoids. Continued presence of rubella virus in the placental and fetal tissues suggests an extended period of susceptibility to abnormalities of lens and otocyst differentiation beyond the narrow window of embryonic period. The currently understood critical period for maternal radiation exposure-related microcephaly in the offspring has been derived from Hiroshima and Nagasaki experience. Data on pregnancy complications of radiation-exposed childhood cancer survivors is alarming. Cumulative use of diagnostic CT imaging and the associated ionizing radiation burden are reported to have a lifetime attributable cancer risk. This coupled with experimental data on radiation effect on neurogenesis in the cerebellum and that on global gliogenesis in the CNS is a reason to revisit the critical period definition for microcephaly in the offspring of mothers exposed to radiation. Both retinoic acid and valproic acid studies in experimental animals have demonstrated unequivocal evidence for the existence of more than one susceptible period for skeletal defects and cleft palate. It is important to realize the distinction between the “critical period for a malformation” and the “critical period for an organ as a whole.” Vascular disruption and post-closure neural tube defects have been observed to occur far beyond the embryonic period of development. It is now clear that the textbook description of the embryonic period as the window of susceptible period is rift with problems. In the light of newer advances in teratology, a second look at our definition of teratogenic manifestations and sophistication of methods of ascertainment of abnormal development will help us develop effective preventative strategies in the field of birth defects.

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  1. Department of Medical Education, California Northstate University College of Medicine, 9700 W Taron Dr, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA

    Padmanahban Rengasamy M.S., Ph.D., F.I.Biol (Lond)

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  1. Padmanahban Rengasamy M.S., Ph.D., F.I.Biol (Lond)
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Correspondence to Padmanahban Rengasamy M.S., Ph.D., F.I.Biol (Lond) .

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  1. MPI Research, Mattawan, Michigan, USA

    Ali S. Faqi

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Rengasamy, P. (2015). Critical Periods of Development in Teratology. In: Faqi, A. (eds) Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology. Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/7653_2015_55

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/7653_2015_55

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