Skip to main content

Ex Utero Culture and Live Imaging of Mouse Embryos

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Vertebrate Embryogenesis

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 770))

Abstract

Mouse genetic approaches when combined with live imaging tools have the potential to revolutionize our current understanding of mammalian biology. The availability and improvement of a wide variety of fluorescent proteins have provided indispensable tools to visualize cells in living organisms. It is now possible to generate genetically modified mouse strains expressing fluorescent proteins in a tissue-specific manner. These reporter-expressing strains make it possible to image dynamic cell behaviors in the context of a living embryo. Since mouse embryos develop within the uterus, live imaging experiments require culture conditions that closely mimic those in vivo. Over the past few decades, significant advances have been made in developing conditions for culturing both pre- and postimplantation stage embryos. In this chapter, we will discuss methods for ex utero culture of preimplantation and postimplantation stage mouse embryos. In particular, we will describe protocols for collecting embryos at various stages, setting up culture conditions for imaging and using laser scanning confocal microscopy to visualize live processes in mouse embryos expressing fluorescent reporters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Keller, P. J., Schmidt, A. D., Wittbrodt, J., and Stelzer, E. H. (2008) Reconstruction of zebrafish early embryonic development by scanned light sheet microscopy. Science 322, 1065–1069.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Megason, S. G. and Fraser, S. E. (2003) Digitizing life at the level of the cell: high-performance laser-scanning microscopy and image analysis for in toto imaging of development. Mech. Dev. 120, 1407–1420.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Hadjantonakis, A. K., Dickinson, M. E., Fraser, S. E., and Papaioannou, V. E. (2003) Technicolour transgenics: imaging tools for functional genomics in the mouse. Nat. Rev. Genet. 4, 613–625.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Nowotschin, S., Eakin, G. S., and Hadjantonakis, A. K. (2009) Live-imaging fluorescent proteins in mouse embryos: multi-dimensional, multi-spectral perspectives. Trends Biotechnol. 27, 266–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Dickinson, M. E. (2006) Multimodal imaging of mouse development: tools for the postgenomic era. Dev. Dyn. 235, 2386–2400.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Hadjantonakis, A. K. and Papaioannou, V. E. (2004) Dynamic in vivo imaging and cell tracking using a histone fluorescent protein fusion in mice. BMC Biotechnol. 4, 33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Fraser, S. T., Hadjantonakis, A. K., Sahr, K. E., Willey, S., Kelly, O. G., Jones, E. A., Dickinson, M. E., and Baron, M. H. (2005) Using a histone yellow fluorescent protein fusion for tagging and tracking endothelial cells in ES cells and mice. Genesis 42, 162–171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Plusa, B., Hadjantonakis, A. K., Gray, D., Piotrowska-Nitsche, K., Jedrusik, A., Papaioannou, V. E., Glover, D. M., and Zernicka-Goetz, M. (2005) The first cleavage of the mouse zygote predicts the blastocyst axis. Nature 434, 391–395.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Plusa, B., Piliszek, A., Frankenberg, S., Artus, J., and Hadjantonakis, A. K. (2008) Distinct sequential cell behaviours direct primitive endoderm formation in the mouse blastocyst. Development 135, 3081–3091.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Rhee, J. M., Pirity, M. K., Lackan, C. S., Long, J. Z., Kondoh, G., Takeda, J., and Hadjantonakis, A. K. (2006) In vivo imaging and differential localization of lipid-modified GFP-variant fusions in embryonic stem cells and mice. Genesis 44, 202–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Chi, X., Hadjantonakis, A. K., Wu, Z., Hyink, D., and Costantini, F. (2009) A transgenic mouse that reveals cell shape and arrangement during ureteric bud branching. Genesis 47, 61–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Larina, I. V., Shen, W., Kelly, O. G., Hadjantonakis, A. K., Baron, M. H., and Dickinson, M. E. (2009) A membrane associated mCherry fluorescent reporter line for studying vascular remodeling and cardiac function during murine embryonic development. Anat. Rec. (Hoboken) 292, 333–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Campbell, R. E., Tour, O., Palmer, A. E., Steinbach, P. A., Baird, G. S., Zacharias, D. A., and Tsien, R. Y. (2002) A monomeric red fluorescent protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 7877–7882.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Hadjantonakis, A. K., Macmaster, S., and Nagy, A. (2002) Embryonic stem cells and mice expressing different GFP variants for multiple non-invasive reporter usage within a single animal. BMC Biotechnol. 2, 11.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Long, J. Z., Lackan, C. S., and Hadjantonakis, A. K. (2005) Genetic and spectrally distinct in vivo imaging: embryonic stem cells and mice with widespread expression of a monomeric red fluorescent protein. BMC Biotechnol. 5, 20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Shaner, N. C., Campbell, R. E., Steinbach, P. A., Giepmans, B. N., Palmer, A. E., and Tsien, R. Y. (2004) Improved monomeric red, orange and yellow fluorescent proteins derived from Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein. Nat. Biotechnol. 22, 1567–1572.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Nowotschin, S., Eakin, G. S., and Hadjantonakis, A. K. (2009) Dual transgene strategy for live visualization of chromatin and plasma membrane dynamics in murine embryonic stem cells and embryonic tissues. Genesis 47, 330–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Trichas, G., Begbie, J., and Srinivas, S. (2008) Use of the viral 2A peptide for bicistronic expression in transgenic mice. BMC Biol. 6, 40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Jones, E. A., Baron, M. H., Fraser, S. E., and Dickinson, M. E. (2004) Measuring hemodynamic changes during mammalian development. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. 287, H1561–1569.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kwon, G. S. and Hadjantonakis, A. K. (2007) Eomes::GFP—a tool for live imaging cells of the trophoblast, primitive streak, and telencephalon in the mouse embryo. Genesis 45, 208–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Srinivas, S., Goldberg, M. R., Watanabe, T., D’Agati, V., al-Awqati, Q., and Costantini, F. (1999) Expression of green fluorescent protein in the ureteric bud of transgenic mice: a new tool for the analysis of ureteric bud morphogenesis. Dev. Genet. 24, 241–251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Kwon, G. S. and Hadjantonakis, A. K. (2009) Transthyretin mouse transgenes direct RFP expression or Cre-mediated recombination throughout the visceral endoderm. Genesis 47, 447–455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Meilhac, S. M., Adams, R. J., Morris, S. A., Danckaert, A., Le Garrec, J. F., and Zernicka-Goetz, M. (2009) Active cell movements coupled to positional induction are involved in lineage segregation in the mouse blastocyst. Dev. Biol. 331, 210–221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Perea-Gomez, A., Meilhac, S. M., Piotrowska-Nitsche, K., Gray, D., Collignon, J., and Zernicka-Goetz, M. (2007) Regionalization of the mouse visceral endoderm as the blastocyst transforms into the egg cylinder. BMC Dev. Biol. 7, 96.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Nowotschin, S. and Hadjantonakis, A. K. (2009) Use of KikGR a photoconvertible green-to-red fluorescent protein for cell labeling and lineage analysis in ES cells and mouse embryos. BMC Dev. Biol. 9, 49.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Sutherland, A. E., Speed, T. P., and Calarco, P. G. (1990) Inner cell allocation in the mouse morula: the role of oriented division during fourth cleavage. Dev. Biol. 137, 13–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lehtonen, E. (1980) Changes in cell dimensions and intercellular contacts during cleavage-stage cell cycles in mouse embryonic cells. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 58, 231–249.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Flint, O. P. and Ede, D. A. (1982) Cell interactions in the developing somite: in vitro comparisons between amputated (am/am) and normal mouse embryos. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 67, 113–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Dickinson, M. E., Simbuerger, E., Zimmermann, B., Waters, C. W., and Fraser, S. E. (2003) Multiphoton excitation spectra in biological samples. J. Biomed. Opt. 8, 329–338.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Copp, A. J. and Cockroft, D. L. (1990) Postimplantation Mammalian Embryos. A Practical Approach. IRL, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Downs, K. M. and Davies, T. (1993) Staging of gastrulating mouse embryos by morphological landmarks in the dissecting microscope. Development 118, 1255–1266.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Theiler, K. (1989) The House Mouse, Atlas of Embryonic Development. Springer, New York, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Nagy, A., Gertsenstein, M., Vintersten, K., and Behringer, R. (2003) Manipulating the Mouse Embryo, A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Jones, E. A., Crotty, D., Kulesa, P. M., Waters, C. W., Baron, M. H., Fraser, S. E., and Dickinson, M. E. (2002) Dynamic in vivo imaging of postimplantation mammalian embryos using whole embryo culture. Genesis 34, 228–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Yamanaka, Y., Tamplin, O. J., Beckers, A., Gossler, A., and Rossant, J. (2007) Live imaging and genetic analysis of mouse notochord formation reveals regional morphogenetic mechanisms. Dev. Cell. 13, 884–896.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Moore-Scott, B. A., Gordon, J., Blackburn, C. C., Condie, B. G., and Manley, N. R. (2003) New serum-free in vitro culture technique for midgestation mouse embryos. Genesis 35, 164–168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Keller-Peck, C. R., Walsh, M. K., Gan, W. B., Feng, G., Sanes, J. R., and Lichtman, J. W. (2001) Asynchronous synapse elimination in neonatal motor units: studies using GFP transgenic mice. Neuron 31, 381–394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Cahalan, M. D., Parker, I., Wei, S. H., and Miller, M. J. (2003) Real-time imaging of lymphocytes in vivo. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 15, 372–377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Theer, P., Hasan, M. T., and Denk, W. (2003) Two-photon imaging to a depth of 1000 micron in living brains by use of a Ti:Al2O3 regenerative amplifier. Opt. Lett. 28, 1022–1024.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Puri, S. and Hebrok, M. (2007) Dynamics of embryonic pancreas development using real-time imaging. Dev. Biol. 306, 82–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank our laboratory colleagues for helping perfect the techniques detailed in this chapter. Work in our laboratory is supported by the National Institutes of Health (RO1-HD052115 and RO1-DK084391), NYSTEM, and The Starr Foundation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Piliszek, A., Kwon, G.S., Hadjantonakis, AK. (2011). Ex Utero Culture and Live Imaging of Mouse Embryos. In: Pelegri, F. (eds) Vertebrate Embryogenesis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 770. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-210-6_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-210-6_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-209-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-210-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics