Current Applications of Nanotechnology for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Apoptosis

  • Gustav J. Strijkers
  • Geralda A.F. van Tilborg
  • Tessa Geelen
  • Chris P.M. Reutelingsperger
  • Klaas Nicolay
Protocol
First Online:
Part of the Methods in Molecular Biology book series (MIMB, volume 624)

Abstract

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a morphologically and biochemically distinct form of cell death, which together with proliferation plays an important role in tissue development and homeostasis. Insufficient apoptosis is important in the pathology of various disorders such as cancer and autoimmune diseases, whereas a high apoptotic activity is associated with myocardial infarction, neurodegenerative diseases, and advanced atherosclerotic lesions. Consequently, apoptosis is recognized as an important therapeutic target, which should be either suppressed, e.g., during an ischemic cardiac infarction, or promoted, e.g., in the treatment of cancerous lesions. Imaging tools to address location, amount, and time course of apoptotic activity non-invasively in vivo are therefore of great clinical use in the evaluation of such therapies. This chapter reviews current literature and new developments in the application of nanoparticles for non-invasive apoptosis imaging. Focus is on functionalized nanoparticle contrast agents for MR imaging and bimodal nanoparticle agents that combine magnetic and fluorescent properties.

Key words

Apoptosis nanoparticles magnetic resonance imaging molecular imaging optical imaging cardiovascular disease atherosclerosis cancer 
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Notes

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Dutch Technology Foundation STW, applied science division of NWO and the Technology Program of the Ministry of Economic Affairs (grant number 07952). This study was funded in part by the BSIK program entitled Molecular Imaging of Ischemic Heart Disease (project number BSIK03033) and by the EC – FP6-project DiMI, LSHB-CT-2005-512146. This study was performed in the framework of the European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST) D38 Action Metal-Based Systems for Molecular Imaging Applications.

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Copyright information

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010

Authors and Affiliations

  • Gustav J. Strijkers
    • 1
  • Geralda A.F. van Tilborg
    • 1
  • Tessa Geelen
    • 1
  • Chris P.M. Reutelingsperger
    • 2
  • Klaas Nicolay
    • 1
  1. 1.Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical EngineeringEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
  2. 2.Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute MaastrichtUniversity of MaastrichtMaastrichtThe Netherlands

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