Skip to main content

Identification of Chimeric RNAs Using RNA-Seq Reads and Protein–Protein Interactions of Translated Chimeras

  • Protocol
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2079))

Abstract

Chimeric RNA moieties typically consist of exons from two genes expressed from different genomic locations and produced by chromosomal translocations, trans-splicing or transcription errors. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing procedures have opened new horizons for identification of novel chimeric transcripts in various diseases in a personalized manner. Here we describe the detailed computational procedures to identify chimeric transcripts using RNA-seq reads. Moreover, we elaborate on the domain–domain co-occurrence method to detect alterations in chimeric protein–protein interaction (ChiPPI) networks produced by chimeric RNA that are translated to chimeric proteins.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Protocol
USD   49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Springer Nature is developing a new tool to find and evaluate Protocols. Learn more

References

  1. Krause M, Hirsh D (1987) A trans-spliced leader sequence on actin mRNA in C. elegans. Cell 49:753–761

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Sutton RE, Boothroyd JC (1988) Trypanosome trans-splicing utilizes 2′–5′ branches and a corresponding debranching activity. EMBO J 7:1431–1437

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Tessier LH, Keller M, Chan RL, Fournier R, Weil JH, Imbault P (1991) Short leader sequences may be transferred from small RNAs to pre-mature mRNAs by trans-splicing in Euglena. EMBO J 10:2621–2625

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Mirazimi A, von Bonsdorff CH, Svensson L (1996) Effect of brefeldin A on rotavirus assembly and oligosaccharide processing. Virology 217:554–563

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Breen MA, Ashcroft SJ (1997) A truncated isoform of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II expressed in human islets of Langerhans may result from trans-splicing. FEBS Lett 409:375–379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Li BL, Li XL, Duan ZJ, Lee O, Lin S, Ma ZM, Chang CC, Yang XY, Park JP, Mohandas TK et al (1999) Human acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-1 (ACAT-1) gene organization and evidence that the 4.3-kilobase ACAT-1 mRNA is produced from two different chromosomes. J Biol Chem 274:11060–11071

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Strömberg H, Svensson SP, Hermanson O (1999) Distribution of CREB-binding protein immunoreactivity in the adult rat brain. Brain Res 818:510–514

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Beerli RR, Dreier B, Barbas CF (2000) Positive and negative regulation of endogenous genes by designed transcription factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:1495–1500

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Richet E (2000) Synergistic transcription activation: a dual role for CRP in the activation of an Escherichia coli promoter depending on MalT and CRP. EMBO J 19:5222–5232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Serrano M, Massagué J (2000) Networks of tumor suppressors. Workshop: tumor suppressor networks. EMBO Rep 1:115–119

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. van Vliet LA, Rodenhuis N, Dijkstra D, Wikström H, Pugsley TA, Serpa KA, Meltzer LT, Heffner TG, Wise LD, Lajiness ME et al (2000) Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of thiopyran analogues of the dopamine D3 receptor-selective agonist (4aR,10bR)-(+)-trans-3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-n-propyl-2H,5H [1]b enzopyrano[4,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-9-ol (PD 128907). J Med Chem 43:2871–2882

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Villegas J, Zárraga AM, Muller I, Montecinos L, Werner E, Brito M, Meneses AM, Burzio LO (2000) A novel chimeric mitochondrial RNA localized in the nucleus of mouse sperm. DNA Cell Biol 19:579–588

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Avivi A, Albrecht U, Oster H, Joel A, Beiles A, Nevo E (2001) Biological clock in total darkness: the Clock/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:13751–13756

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Becskei A, Seraphin B, Serrano L (2001) Positive feedback in eukaryotic gene networks: cell differentiation by graded to binary response conversion. EMBO J 20:2528–2535

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Finta C, Zaphiropoulos PG (2002) Intergenic mRNA molecules resulting from trans-splicing. J Biol Chem 277:5882–5890

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Pirrotta V (2002) Trans-splicing in drosophila. BioEssays 24:988–991

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Strömberg P, Svensson S, Hedberg JJ, Nordling E, Höög JO (2002) Identification and characterisation of two allelic forms of human alcohol dehydrogenase 2. Cell Mol Life Sci 59:552–559

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Panagopoulos I, Isaksson M, Lindvall C, Hagemeijer A, Mitelman F, Johansson B (2003) Genomic characterization of MOZ/CBP and CBP/MOZ chimeras in acute myeloid leukemia suggests the involvement of a damage-repair mechanism in the origin of the t(8;16)(p11;p13). Genes Chromosomes Cancer 36:90–98

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Romani A, Guerra E, Trerotola M, Alberti S (2003) Detection and analysis of spliced chimeric mRNAs in sequence databanks. Nucleic Acids Res 31:e17

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Kalir S, Alon U (2004) Using a quantitative blueprint to reprogram the dynamics of the flagella gene network. Cell 117:713–720

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Krauss V, Dorn R (2004) Evolution of the trans-splicing drosophila locus mod(mdg4) in several species of Diptera and Lepidoptera. Gene 331:165–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Murga Penas EM, Cools J, Algenstaedt P, Hinz K, Seeger D, Schafhausen P, Schilling G, Marynen P, Hossfeld DK, Dierlamm J (2003) A novel cryptic translocation t(12;17)(p13;p12-p13) in a secondary acute myeloid leukemia results in a fusion of the ETV6 gene and the antisense strand of the PER1 gene. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 37:79–83

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Chen C, Fossar N, Weil D, Guillaud-Bataille M, Danglot G, Raynal B, Dautry F, Bernheim A, Brison O (2005) High frequency trans-splicing in a cell line producing spliced and polyadenylated RNA polymerase I transcripts from an rDNA-myc chimeric gene. Nucleic Acids Res 33:2332–2342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Gabler M, Volkmar M, Weinlich S, Herbst A, Dobberthien P, Sklarss S, Fanti L, Pimpinelli S, Kress H, Reuter G et al (2005) Trans-splicing of the mod(mdg4) complex locus is conserved between the distantly related species Drosophila melanogaster and D. virilis. Genetics 169:723–736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Akiva P, Toporik A, Edelheit S, Peretz Y, Diber A, Shemesh R, Novik A, Sorek R (2006) Transcription-mediated gene fusion in the human genome. Genome Res 16:30–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Kim N, Kim P, Nam S, Shin S, Lee S (2006) ChimerDB--a knowledgebase for fusion sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 34:D21–D24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Parra G, Reymond A, Dabbouseh N, Dermitzakis ET, Castelo R, Thomson TM, Antonarakis SE, Guigó R (2006) Tandem chimerism as a means to increase protein complexity in the human genome. Genome Res 16:37–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Roux M, Levéziel H, Amarger V (2006) Cotranscription and intergenic splicing of the PPARG and TSEN2 genes in cattle. BMC Genomics 7:71

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Li H, Wang J, Mor G, Sklar J (2008) A neoplastic gene fusion mimics trans-splicing of RNAs in normal human cells. Science 321:1357–1361

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Li X, Zhao L, Jiang H, Wang W (2009) Short homologous sequences are strongly associated with the generation of chimeric RNAs in eukaryotes. J Mol Evol 68:56–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Maher CA, Palanisamy N, Brenner JC, Cao X, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Luo S, Khrebtukova I, Barrette TR, Grasso C, Yu J et al (2009) Chimeric transcript discovery by paired-end transcriptome sequencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:12353–12358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Iyer MK, Chinnaiyan AM, Maher CA (2011) ChimeraScan: a tool for identifying chimeric transcription in sequencing data. Bioinformatics 27:2903–2904

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  33. Djebali S, Lagarde J, Kapranov P, Lacroix V, Borel C, Mudge JM, Howald C, Foissac S, Ucla C, Chrast J et al (2012) Evidence for transcript networks composed of chimeric RNAs in human cells. PLoS One 7:e28213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Frenkel-Morgenstern M, Lacroix V, Ezkurdia I, Levin Y, Gabashvili A, Prilusky J, Del Pozo A, Tress M, Johnson R, Guigo R et al (2012) Chimeras taking shape: potential functions of proteins encoded by chimeric RNA transcripts. Genome Res 22:1231–1242

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Frenkel-Morgenstern M, Valencia A (2012) Novel domain combinations in proteins encoded by chimeric transcripts. Bioinformatics 28:i67–i74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Frenkel-Morgenstern M, Gorohovski A, Lacroix V, Rogers M, Ibanez K, Boullosa C, Andres Leon E, Ben-Hur A, Valencia A (2013) ChiTaRS: a database of human, mouse and fruit fly chimeric transcripts and RNA-sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res 41:D142–D151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Frenkel-Morgenstern M, Gorohovski A, Vucenovic D, Maestre L, Valencia A (2015) ChiTaRS 2.1-an improved database of the chimeric transcripts and RNA-seq data with novel sense-antisense chimeric RNA transcripts. Nucleic Acids Res 43:D68–D75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Gorohovski A, Tagore S, Palande V, Malka A, Raviv-Shay D, Frenkel-Morgenstern M (2017) ChiTaRS-3.1-the enhanced chimeric transcripts and RNA-seq database matched with protein-protein interactions. Nucleic Acids Res 45:D790–D795

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Campbell PJ, Stephens PJ, Pleasance ED, O'Meara S, Li H, Santarius T, Stebbings LA, Leroy C, Edkins S, Hardy C et al (2008) Identification of somatically acquired rearrangements in cancer using genome-wide massively parallel paired-end sequencing. Nat Genet 40:722–729

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Silberg JJ, Nguyen PQ, Stevenson T (2010) Computational design of chimeric protein libraries for directed evolution. Methods Mol Biol 673:175–188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Whipple JM, Lane EA, Chernyakov I, D'Silva S, Phizicky EM (2011) The yeast rapid tRNA decay pathway primarily monitors the structural integrity of the acceptor and T-stems of mature tRNA. Genes Dev 25:1173–1184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Zekavat SM, Ruotsalainen S, Handsaker RE, Alver M, Bloom J, Poterba T, Seed C, Ernst J, Chaffin M, Engreitz J et al (2018) Deep coverage whole genome sequences and plasma lipoprotein(a) in individuals of European and African ancestries. Nat Commun 9:2606

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Audano PA, Sulovari A, Graves-Lindsay TA, Cantsilieris S, Sorensen M, Welch AE, Dougherty ML, Nelson BJ, Shah A, Dutcher SK et al (2019) Characterizing the major structural variant alleles of the human genome. Cell 176:663–675. e619

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Gorohovski A, Tagore S, Palande V, Malka A, Raviv-Shay D, Frenkel-Morgenstern M (2017) ChiTaRS-3.1-the enhanced chimeric transcripts and RNA-seq database matched with protein-protein interactions. Nucleic Acids Res. 45:D790–D795. Epub 2016 Nov 29. PMID: 27899596. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw1127

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Li H, Wang J, Ma X, Sklar J (2009) Gene fusions and RNA trans-splicing in normal and neoplastic human cells. Cell Cycle 8:218–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. McManus CJ, Duff MO, Eipper-Mains J, Graveley BR (2010) Global analysis of trans-splicing in drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:12975–12979

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Wu CS, Yu CY, Chuang CY, Hsiao M, Kao CF, Kuo HC, Chuang TJ (2014) Integrative transcriptome sequencing identifies trans-splicing events with important roles in human embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Genome Res 24:25–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Li Z, Ivanov AA, Su R, Gonzalez-Pecchi V, Qi Q, Liu S, Webber P, McMillan E, Rusnak L, Pham C et al (2017) The OncoPPi network of cancer-focused protein-protein interactions to inform biological insights and therapeutic strategies. Nat Commun 8:14356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Frenkel-Morgenstern M, Gorohovski A, Tagore S, Sekar V, Vazquez M, Valencia A (2017) ChiPPI: a novel method for mapping chimeric protein-protein interactions uncovers selection principles of protein fusion events in cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 45(12):7094–7105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Mortazavi A, Williams BA, McCue K, Schaeffer L, Wold B (2008) Mapping and quantifying mammalian transcriptomes by RNA-Seq. Nat Methods 5:621–628

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Trapnell C, Williams BA, Pertea G, Mortazavi A, Kwan G, van Baren MJ, Salzberg SL, Wold BJ, Pachter L (2010) Transcript assembly and quantification by RNA-Seq reveals unannotated transcripts and isoform switching during cell differentiation. Nat Biotechnol 28:511–515

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Djebali S, Davis CA, Merkel A, Dobin A, Lassmann T, Mortazavi A, Tanzer A, Lagarde J, Lin W, Schlesinger F et al (2012) Landscape of transcription in human cells. Nature 489:101–108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  53. Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Snyder M, Hardison R, Ren B, Gingeras T, Gilbert DM, Groudine M, Bender M, Kaul R, Canfield T et al (2012) An encyclopedia of mouse DNA elements (Mouse ENCODE). Genome Biol 13:418

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Schug J, Schuller WP, Kappen C, Salbaum JM, Bucan M, Stoeckert CJ (2005) Promoter features related to tissue specificity as measured by Shannon entropy. Genome Biol 6:R33

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ritchie W, Granjeaud S, Puthier D, Gautheret D (2008) Entropy measures quantify global splicing disorders in cancer. PLoS Comput Biol 4:e1000011

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Itzhaki Z, Akiva E, Altuvia Y, Margalit H (2006) Evolutionary conservation of domain-domain interactions. Genome Biol 7:R125

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Sprinzak E, Altuvia Y, Margalit H (2006) Characterization and prediction of protein–protein interactions within and between complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:14718–14723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Bateman A, Coin L, Durbin R, Finn R, Hollich V, Griffiths-Jones S, Khanna A, Marshall M, Moxon S, Sonnhammer E et al (2004) The Pfam protein families database. Nucleic Acids Res 32:D138–D141

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  59. Futreal PA, Coin L, Marshall M, Down T, Hubbard T, Wooster R, Rahman N, Stratton MR (2004) A census of human cancer genes. Nat Rev Cancer 4:177–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Mulder NJ, Apweiler R, Attwood TK, Bairoch A, Bateman A, Binns D, Bradley P, Bork P, Bucher P, Cerutti L et al (2005) InterPro, progress and status in 2005. Nucleic Acids Res 33:D201–D205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Finn RD, Tate J, Mistry J, Coggill PC, Sammut SJ, Hotz HR, Ceric G, Forslund K, Eddy SR, Sonnhammer EL et al (2008) The Pfam protein families database. Nucleic Acids Res 36:D281–D288

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Szklarczyk D, Franceschini A, Wyder S, Forslund K, Heller D, Huerta-Cepas J, Simonovic M, Roth A, Santos A, Tsafou KP et al (2015) STRING v10: protein-protein interaction networks, integrated over the tree of life. Nucleic Acids Res 43:D447–D452

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Gould CM, Diella F, Via A, Puntervoll P, Gemünd C, Chabanis-Davidson S, Michael S, Sayadi A, Bryne JC, Chica C et al (2010) ELM: the status of the 2010 eukaryotic linear motif resource. Nucleic Acids Res 38:D167–D180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Dinkel H, Van Roey K, Michael S, Kumar M, Uyar B, Altenberg B, Milchevskaya V, Schneider M, Kühn H, Behrendt A et al (2016) ELM 2016--data update and new functionality of the eukaryotic linear motif resource. Nucleic Acids Res 44:D294–D300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Chatr-Aryamontri A, Breitkreutz BJ, Oughtred R, Boucher L, Heinicke S, Chen D, Stark C, Breitkreutz A, Kolas N, O'Donnell L et al (2014) The BioGRID interaction database: 2015 update. Nucleic Acids Res 43:D470–D478

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Chatr-Aryamontri A, Breitkreutz BJ, Oughtred R, Boucher L, Heinicke S, Chen D, Stark C, Breitkreutz A, Kolas N, O'Donnell L et al (2015) The BioGRID interaction database: 2015 update. Nucleic Acids Res 43:D470–D478

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Chatr-Aryamontri A, Oughtred R, Boucher L, Rust J, Chang C, Kolas NK, O'Donnell L, Oster S, Theesfeld C, Sellam A et al (2017) The BioGRID interaction database: 2017 update. Nucleic Acids Res 45:D369–D379

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Benson DA, Cavanaugh M, Clark K, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Ostell J, Pruitt KD, Sayers EW (2018) GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res 46:D41–D47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kim P, Yoon S, Kim N, Lee S, Ko M, Lee H, Kang H, Kim J (2010) ChimerDB 2.0--a knowledgebase for fusion genes updated. Nucleic Acids Res 38:D81–D85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Kong F, Zhu J, Wu J, Peng J, Wang Y, Wang Q, Fu S, Yuan LL, Li T (2011) dbCRID: a database of chromosomal rearrangements in human diseases. Nucleic Acids Res 39:D895–D900

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Novo FJ, de Mendíbil IO, Vizmanos JL (2007) TICdb: a collection of gene-mapped translocation breakpoints in cancer. BMC Genomics 8:33

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Mitelman F, Mertens F, Johansson B (2005) Prevalence estimates of recurrent balanced cytogenetic aberrations and gene fusions in unselected patients with neoplastic disorders. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 43:350–366

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Höglund M, Frigyesi A, Mitelman F (2006) A gene fusion network in human neoplasia. Oncogene 25:2674–2678

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Mitelman F, Johansson B, Mertens F (2007) The impact of translocations and gene fusions on cancer causation. Nat Rev Cancer 7:233–245

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Mertens F, Johansson B, Fioretos T, Mitelman F (2015) The emerging complexity of gene fusions in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 15:371–381

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Mertens F, Antonescu CR, Mitelman F (2016) Gene fusions in soft tissue tumors: recurrent and overlapping pathogenetic themes. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 55:291–310

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Milana Frenkel-Morgenstern .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Frenkel-Morgenstern, M. (2020). Identification of Chimeric RNAs Using RNA-Seq Reads and Protein–Protein Interactions of Translated Chimeras. In: Li, H., Elfman, J. (eds) Chimeric RNA. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2079. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9904-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9904-0_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-9903-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-9904-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics