Abstract
Second generation DNA sequencing technologies have been a great boon for the study of mRNA polyadenylation. The experimental determination of large numbers of polyadenylation sites using high-throughput sequencing strategies has provided the necessary platform for deeper understanding the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. For generating large sets of data to map poly-A sites, specialized sample preparations that target the junction of 3′-UTR and the poly(A) tail are usually employed. Here, we describe three different protocols that are effectively used for global determinations of poly(A) site choice in plants.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Lin Y, Li Z, Ozsolak F, Kim SW, Arango-Argoty G, Liu TT, Tenenbaum SA, Bailey T, Monaghan AP, Milos PM, John B (2012) An in-depth map of polyadenylation sites in cancer. Nucleic Acids Res 40(17):8460–8471. doi:10.1093/nar/gks637
Mayr C, Bartel DP (2009) Widespread shortening of 3′UTRs by alternative cleavage and polyadenylation activates oncogenes in cancer cells. Cell 138(4):673–684. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.06.016
Li Y, Sun Y, Fu Y, Li M, Huang G, Zhang C, Liang J, Huang S, Shen G, Yuan S, Chen L, Chen S, Xu A (2012) Dynamic landscape of tandem 3′ UTRs during zebrafish development. Genome Res 22(10):1899–1906. doi:10.1101/gr.128488.111
Smibert P, Miura P, Westholm JO, Shenker S, May G, Duff MO, Zhang D, Eads BD, Carlson J, Brown JB, Eisman RC, Andrews J, Kaufman T, Cherbas P, Celniker SE, Graveley BR, Lai EC (2012) Global patterns of tissue-specific alternative polyadenylation in Drosophila. Cell Rep 1(3):277–289. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2012.01.001
Miura P, Shenker S, Andreu-Agullo C, Westholm JO, Lai EC (2013) Widespread and extensive lengthening of 3′ UTRs in the mammalian brain. Genome Res 23:812. doi:10.1101/gr.146886.112
Jan CH, Friedman RC, Ruby JG, Bartel DP (2011) Formation, regulation and evolution of Caenorhabditis elegans 3′UTRs. Nature 469(7328):97–101. doi:10.1038/nature09616
Shepard PJ, Choi EA, Lu J, Flanagan LA, Hertel KJ, Shi Y (2011) Complex and dynamic landscape of RNA polyadenylation revealed by PAS-Seq. RNA 17(4):761–772. doi:10.1261/rna.2581711
Yoon OK, Hsu TY, Im JH, Brem RB (2012) Genetics and regulatory impact of alternative polyadenylation in human B-lymphoblastoid cells. PLoS Genet 8(8):e1002882. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002882
Hornyik C, Duc C, Rataj K, Terzi LC, Simpson GG (2010) Alternative polyadenylation of antisense RNAs and flowering time control. Biochem Soc Trans 38(4):1077–1081. doi:10.1042/BST0381077
Hornyik C, Terzi LC, Simpson GG (2010) The spen family protein FPA controls alternative cleavage and polyadenylation of RNA. Dev Cell 18(2):203–213. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2009.12.009
Liu F, Marquardt S, Lister C, Swiezewski S, Dean C (2010) Targeted 3′ processing of antisense transcripts triggers Arabidopsis FLC chromatin silencing. Science 327(5961):94–97. doi:10.1126/science.1180278
Simpson GG, Dijkwel PP, Quesada V, Henderson I, Dean C (2003) FY is an RNA 3′ end-processing factor that interacts with FCA to control the Arabidopsis floral transition. Cell 113(6):777–787
Terzi LC, Simpson GG (2008) Regulation of flowering time by RNA processing. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 326:201–218
Thomas PE, Wu X, Liu M, Gaffney B, Ji G, Li QQ, Hunt AG (2012) Genome-wide control of polyadenylation site choice by CPSF30 in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 24(11):4376–4388. doi:10.1105/tpc.112.096107
Zhang J, Addepalli B, Yun KY, Hunt AG, Xu R, Rao S, Li QQ, Falcone DL (2008) A polyadenylation factor subunit implicated in regulating oxidative signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 3(6):e2410. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002410
Hunt AG, Xing D, Li QQ (2012) Plant polyadenylation factors: conservation and variety in the polyadenylation complex in plants. BMC Genomics 13:641. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-641
Mueller AA, Cheung TH, Rando TA (2013) All’s well that ends well: alternative polyadenylation and its implications for stem cell biology. Curr Opin Cell Biol 25(2):222–232. doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2012.12.008
Sherstnev A, Duc C, Cole C, Zacharaki V, Hornyik C, Ozsolak F, Milos PM, Barton GJ, Simpson GG (2012) Direct sequencing of Arabidopsis thaliana RNA reveals patterns of cleavage and polyadenylation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 19(8):845–852. doi:10.1038/nsmb.2345
Shi Y (2012) Alternative polyadenylation: new insights from global analyses. RNA 18(12):2105–2117. doi:10.1261/rna.035899.112
Wu X, Liu M, Downie B, Liang C, Ji G, Li QQ, Hunt AG (2011) Genome-wide landscape of polyadenylation in Arabidopsis provides evidence for extensive alternative polyadenylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108(30):12533–12538. doi:10.1073/pnas.1019732108
Ma L, Pati PK, Liu M, Li QQ, Hunt AG (2013) High throughput characterizations of poly(A) site choice in plants. Methods 67:74. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.06.037
Zhu YY, Machleder EM, Chenchik A, Li R, Siebert PD (2001) Reverse transcriptase template switching: a SMART approach for full-length cDNA library construction. Biotechniques 30(4):892–897
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by US National Science Foundation (IOS-0817818) and the University of Kentucky Executive Vice President for Research. Liuyin Ma was a recipient of a scholarship from the China Scholarship Council, and Pratap Kumar Pati was supported by a Fulbright-Nehru Senior Research Fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Pati, P.K., Ma, L., Hunt, A.G. (2015). Genome-Wide Determination of Poly(A) Site Choice in Plants. In: Hunt, A., Li, Q. (eds) Polyadenylation in Plants. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1255. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2175-1_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2175-1_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2174-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2175-1
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols