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The LacZ Plasmid-Based Transgenic Mouse Model: An Integrative Approach to Study the Genotoxicity of Nanomaterials

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Book cover Genotoxicity and DNA Repair

Part of the book series: Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology ((MIPT))

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Abstract

Numerous in vitro studies have been performed to address the potential genotoxicity of chemicals and of emerging products, e.g., nanomaterials. Although valuable for hazard assessment, the in vitro assays do not reflect the complexity of an organism, including, bioavailability, toxicokinetics, and immune responses. Moreover, the biological effects at the target organs are known to be greatly influenced by factors as cell proliferative rate, metabolic, and DNA repair capacities. In this sense, data from suitable in vivo assays are useful to evaluate the performance of in vitro assays and to strengthen the knowledge about the genotoxicity of chemicals and nanomaterials, using several routes of exposure, at a whole organism level.

This chapter provides an overview of an integrated experimental design, based on the use of a LacZ plasmid-based transgenic mouse model to investigate multiple genotoxicity endpoints in several organs, towards the safety evaluation of nanomaterials. This approach includes the analysis of chromosome instability, assessed by the micronucleus assay in blood or bone marrow cells and by sister chromatid exchanges in splenocytes, the analysis of DNA breaks and oxidative DNA damage by the comet assay, and the quantification of gene mutations in multiple organs. Furthermore, histological markers e.g., of inflammation and apoptosis, can add information about other relevant cell responses. A key point is that all assays are performed on the same animal, therefore increasing the efficiency while reducing the cost and the number of animals under experimentation, in compliance with the EU recommendations.

Overall, gathering the data from the several endpoints and organs of the same animal depicts the complex response of a whole-organism to nanomaterials exposure, thereby providing a better prediction of the effects on humans.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Keld Jensen (NRCWE, Denmark), Conny van Oostrom, Edwin Zwart, Harry van Steeg, Jan van Benthem and Wim de Jong (RIVM, the Netherlands), Lisa Giovannelly and co-workers (University of Florence, Italy), and Andrew Collins (University of Oslo, Norway) for their contribution to the development of the described methodologies at INSA.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departmento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, I.P. (INSA), Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisboa, Portugal

    Henriqueta Louro, Miguel Pinto, Nádia Vital, Ana M. Tavares, Pedro M. Costa & Maria João Silva

  2. IMAR - Instituto do Mar, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal

    Pedro M. Costa

Authors
  1. Henriqueta Louro
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  2. Miguel Pinto
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  3. Nádia Vital
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  4. Ana M. Tavares
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  5. Pedro M. Costa
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  6. Maria João Silva
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Maria João Silva .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain

    L. María Sierra

  2. Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal

    Isabel Gaivão

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Louro, H., Pinto, M., Vital, N., Tavares, A.M., Costa, P.M., Silva, M.J. (2014). The LacZ Plasmid-Based Transgenic Mouse Model: An Integrative Approach to Study the Genotoxicity of Nanomaterials. In: Sierra, L., Gaivão, I. (eds) Genotoxicity and DNA Repair. Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1068-7_25

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1068-7_25

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  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1067-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1068-7

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