Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of proteins, especially phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, play an important role in signal transduction and cellular regulation in plants. Both 2-DE gel-based and non-gel-based proteomic technologies can monitor the changes in phosphorylation state of proteins. In this chapter, we describe two protocols for discovery and validation of differential protein phosphorylation using affinity enrichment of phosphoproteins by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) or protein immunoprecipitation (IP) followed by two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2-D DIGE). We name these methods IMAC-DIGE and IP-DIGE. For IMAC-DIGE, phosphoproteins are enriched from tissue extract using GaCl3-based IMAC and then analyzed by 2-D DIGE, which reveals changes of protein phosphorylation as protein spot shifts. IMAC enrichment improves detection of low-abundance regulatory phosphoproteins. For IP-DIGE, proteins of interest can be immunopurified and then analyzed by 2-D DIGE to confirm changes of posttranslational modifications that alter the charge or size of the proteins.
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Division of Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences, Office of Basic Energy Sciences of the U.S. Department of Energy through Grant DE-FG02-08ER15973 (to Z.-Y. W. and A. L. B.). Z. D. was partially supported by funds from Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
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Deng, Z., Bu, S., Wang, ZY. (2011). Quantitative Analysis of Protein Phosphorylation Using Two-Dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis. In: Wang, ZY., Yang, Z. (eds) Plant Signalling Networks. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 876. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-809-2_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-809-2_4
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