Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Liposome-Enhanced Lateral-Flow Assays for the Sandwich-Hybridization Detection of RNA

  • Protocol
Biosensors and Biodetection

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology™ ((MIMB,volume 504))

Summary

Clinical and environmental analyses frequently necessitate rapid, simple, and inexpensive point-of-care or field tests. These semiquantitative tests may be later followed up by confirmatory laboratory-based assays, but can provide an initial scenario assessment important for resource mobilization and threat confinement. Lateral-flow assays (LFAs) and dip-stick assays, which are typically antibody-based and yield a visually detectable signal, provide an assay format suiting these applications extremely well. Signal generation is commonly obtained through the use of colloidal gold or latex beads, which yield a colored band either directly proportional or inversely proportional to the concentration of the analyte of interest. Here, dye-encapsulating liposomes as an alternative are discussed. The LFA biosensors described in this chapter rely on the sandwich-hybridization of a nucleic acid sequence-based amplified (NASBA) mRNA target between a membrane immobilized capture probe and a visible dye (sulforhodamine B)-encapsulating liposome conjugated reporter probe. Although the methodology of this chapter is focused on LFAs for the detection of RNA through sandwich hybridization, the information within can be readily adapted for sandwich and competitive immunoassays. Included are an introduction and application notes toward this end. These include notes ranging from the detection of nonamplified RNA and single-stranded DNA, conjugation protocols for antibodies and other proteins to liposomes, and universal assay formats.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Helbig, J. H., Luck, P. C., Kunz, B., and Bubert, A. (2006) Evaluation of the Duopath Legionella lateral flow assay for identification of Legionella pneumophila and Legionella species culture isolates. Appl Environ Micro-biol. 72, 4489–4491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Koide, M., Haranaga, S., Higa, F., Tateyama, M., Yamane, N., and Fujita, J. (2007) Comparative evaluation of Duopath Legionella lateral flow assay against the conventional culture method using Legionella pneumophila and Legionella anisa strains. Jpn J Infect Dis. 60, 214–216

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. http://www.kit.nl/biomedical_research/assets/images/Lepto_lateral_flow_protocol.doc

  4. Johnston, S. P., Ballard, M. M., Beach, M. J., Causer, L., and Wilkins, P. P. (2003) Evaluation of three commercial assays for detection of Giardia and Cryptosporidium organisms in fecal specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 41, 623–626

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Ketema, F., Zeh, C., Edelman, D. C., Saville, R., and Constantine, N. T. (2001) Assessment of the performance of a rapid, lateral flow assay for the detection of antibodies to HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 27, 63–70

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Cazacu, A. C., Demmler, G. J., Neuman, M. A., Forbes, B. A., Chung, S. Y., Greer, J., Alvarez, A. E., Williams, R., and Bartholoma, N. Y. (2004) Comparison of a new lateral-flow chromatographic membrane immunoassay to viral culture for rapid detection and differentiation of influenza A and B viruses in respiratory specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 42, 3661–3664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Mokkapati, V. K., Sam Niedbala, R., Kardos, K., Perez, R. J., Guo, M., Tanke, H. J., and Corstjens, P. L. (2007) Evaluation of UPlink-RSV: prototype rapid antigen test for detection of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1098, 476–485

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Slinger, R., Milk, R., Gaboury, I., and Diaz-Mitoma, F. (2004) Evaluation of the QuickLab RSV test, a new rapid lateral-flow immunoassay for detection of respiratory syncytial virus antigen. J Clin Microbiol. 42, 3731–3733

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. van Hengel, A. J., Capelletti, C., Brohee, M., and Anklam, E. (2006) Validation of two commercial lateral flow devices for the detection of peanut proteins in cookies: interlaboratory study. J AOAC Int. 89, 462–468

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. http://www.craigmedical.com/salivas-creen6_drug_tests.htm

  11. http://www.brittneylimited.com/PDF%20Files/FDA_Files/Pregnancy-strip.pdf

  12. Edwards, K. A., Curtis, K. L., Sailor, J., Bae-umner, A. (2008) Universal liposomes: Preparation and usage for the detection of mRNA. Anal Bioanal Chem.391, 1689–1702, Epub 2008 March 8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Jung, K., Zachow, J., Lein, M., Brux, B., Sinha, P., Lenk, S., Schnorr, D., and Loen-ing, S. A. (1999) Rapid detection of elevated prostate-specific antigen levels in blood: performance of various membrane strip tests compared. Urology. 53, 155–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. http://www.brittneylimited.com/PDF%20Files/PSA-Prostrate-strip.pdf

  15. http://www.nhdiag.com/botulism.shtml

  16. Sharma, S. K., Eblen, B. S., Bull, R. L., Burr, D. H., and Whiting, R. C. (2005) Evaluation of lateral-flow clostridium botulinum neuro-toxin detection kits for food analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 71, 3935–3941

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Park, C. H., Kim, H. J., Hixon, D. L., and Bubert, A. (2003) Evaluation of the duopath verotoxin test for detection of shiga toxins in cultures of human stools. J Clin Microbiol. 41, 2650–2653

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Capps, K. L., McLaughlin, E. M., Murray, A. W. A., Aldus, C. F., Wyatt, G. M., Peck, M. W., Amerongen, A., Ariens, R. M. C., Wich-ers, J. H., Baylis, C. L., Wareing, D. R. A., and Bolton, F. J. (2004) Validation of three rapid screening methods for detection of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli in foods: Interlabo-ratory study. J Aoac Int. 87, 68–77

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Smits, H. L., Eapen, C. K., Sugathan, S., Kuria-kose, M., Gasem, M. H., Yersin, C., Sasaki, D., Pujianto, B., Vestering, M., Abdoel, T. H., and Gussenhoven, G. C. (2001) Lateral-flow assay for rapid serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 8, 166–169

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kassler, W. J., Dillon, B. A., Haley, C., Jones, W. K., and Goldman, A. (1997) On-site, rapid HIV testing with same-day results and counseling. Aids. 11, 1045–1051

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Prevention, U. S. C. f. D. C. a. (1996) in “MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep”, Vol. 45, pp. 468–80

    Google Scholar 

  22. Baeumner, A. J., Jones, C., Wong, C. Y., and Price, A. (2004) A generic sandwich-type biosensor with nanomolar detection limits. Anal Bioanal Chem. 378, 1587–1593

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Baeumner, A. J., Pretz, J., and Fang, S. (2004) A universal nucleic acid sequence biosensor with nanomolar detection limits. Anal Chem. 76, 888–894

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Seal, J., Braven, H., Wallace, P. (2006) Point-of-care nucleic acid lateral-flow tests. IVD Technol.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Rule, G. S., Montagna, R. A., and Durst, R. A. (1996) Rapid method for visual identification of specific DNA sequences based on DNA-tagged liposomes. Clin Chem. 42, 1206–1209

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Corstjens, P. , Zuiderwijk, M., Brink, A., Li, S., Feindt, H., Niedbala, R. S., and Tanke, H. (2001) Use of up-converting phosphor reporters in lateral-flow assays to detect specific nucleic acid sequences: a rapid, sensitive DNA test to identify human papillomavirus type 16 infection. Clin Chem. 47, 1885–1893

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Corstjens, P. L., Zuiderwijk, M., Nilsson, M., Feindt, H., Sam Niedbala, R., and Tanke, H. J. (2003) Lateral-flow and up-converting phosphor reporters to detect single-stranded nucleic acids in a sandwich-hybridization assay. Anal Biochem. 312, 191–200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Carney, J., Braven, H., Seal, J., Whitworth, E. (2006) Present and future applications of gold in rapid assays. IVD Technol. 12, 41–49

    Google Scholar 

  29. Oku, Y., Kamiya, K., Kamiya, H., Shibahara, Y., Ii, T., and Uesaka, Y. (2001) Development of oligonucleotide lateral-flow immunoassay for multi-parameter detection. J Immunol Methods. 258, 73–84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Zaytseva, N. V., Montagna, R. A., Lee, E. M., and Baeumner, A. J. (2004) Multi-analyte single-membrane biosensor for the serotype-specific detection of Dengue virus. Anal Bio-anal Chem. 380, 46–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Corstjens, P. L., Chen, Z., Zuiderwijk, M., Bau, H. H., Abrams, W. R., Malamud, D., Sam Niedbala, R., and Tanke, H. J. (2007) Rapid assay format for multiplex detection of humoral immune responses to infectious disease pathogens (HIV, HCV, and TB). Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1098, 437–445

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., and Wang, S. (2006) Development of multianalyte flow-through and lateral-flow assays using gold particles and horseradish peroxidase as tracers for the rapid determination of carbaryl and endosulfan in agricultural products. J Agric Food Chem. 54, 2502–2507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Aldus, C. F., Van Amerongen, A., Ariens, R. M., Peck, M. W., Wichers, J. H., and Wyatt, G. M. (2003) Principles of some novel rapid dipstick methods for detection and characterization of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol. 95, 380–389

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. O'Farrell, B., Bauer, J. (2006) Developing highly sensitive, more-reproducible lateral-flow assays Part 1: New approaches to old problems. IVD Technol.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Hans, H. B., Karl Pflanz, E. J., and Klewitz, T. M. (2002) Qualification of cellulose nitrate membranes for lateral-flow assays. IVD Technol.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Harlow, E., and Lane, D. (1988) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, Cold Spring Harbor

    Google Scholar 

  37. Jones, K. (2001) Membrane immobilization of nucleic acids, Part 2: Probe Attachment Techniques. IVD Technol. September

    Google Scholar 

  38. Sischo, W. M., Atwill, E. R., Lanyon, L. E., and George, J. (2000) Cryptosporidia on dairy farms and the role these farms may have in contaminating surface water supplies in the northeastern United States. Prev Vet Med. 43, 253–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bangs Laboratories, I. (1999) Lateral Flow Tests. http://www.bangslabs.com/technotes/303.pdfAccessed

  40. Edwards, K. A., and Baeumner, A. J. (2006) Optimization of DNA-tagged dye-encapsulating liposomes for lateral-flow assays based on sandwich hybridization. Anal Bioanal Chem. 386, 1335–1343

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Batteiger, B., Newhall, V. W. J., and Jones, R. B. (1982) The use of Tween 20 as a blocking agent in the immunological detection of proteins transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. J Immunol Methods. 55, 297–307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Jones, K. D. (1999) Troubleshooting protein binding in nitrocellulose membranes Part I: Principles. IVD Technol. 32

    Google Scholar 

  43. Van Dam, A. P., Van den Brink, H. G., and Smeenk, R. J. (1990) Technical problems concerning the use of immunoblots for the detection of antinuclear antibodies. J Immunol Methods. 129, 63–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Zampieri, S., Ghirardello, A., Doria, A., Tonello, M., Bendo, R., Rossini, K., and Gambari, P. F. (2000) The use of Tween 20 in immunoblotting assays for the detection of autoantibodies in connective tissue diseases. J Immunol Methods. 239, 1–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Smits, H. L., Chee, H. D., Eapen, C. K., Kuria-kose, M., Sugathan, S., Gasem, M. H., Yersin, C., Sakasi, D., Lai, A. F. R. F., Hartskeerl, R. A., Liesdek, B., Abdoel, T. H., Goris, M. G., and Gussenhoven, G. C. (2001) Latex based, rapid and easy assay for human leptospirosis in a single test format. Trop Med Int Health. 6, 114–118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Chan, C. P., Sum, K. W., Cheung, K. Y., Glatz, J. F., Sanderson, J. E., Hempel, A., Lehmann, M., Renneberg, I., and Ren-neberg, R. (2003) Development of a quantitative lateral-flow assay for rapid detection of fatty acid-binding protein. J Immunol Methods. 279, 91–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang, S., Zhang, C., Wang, J., Zhang, Y. (2005) Development of colloidal gold-based flow-through and lateral-flow immunoassays for the rapid detection of the insecticide car-baryl. Anal Chim Acta. 546, 161–66

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Klewitz, T., Gessler, F., Beer, H., Pflanz, K., and Scheper, T. (2006) Immunochromato-graphic assay for determination of botulinum neurotoxin type D. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. 113, 582–589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Shyu, R. H., Shyu, H. F., Liu, H. W., and Tang, S. S. (2002) Colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic assay for detection of ricin. Toxicon. 40, 255–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Greenwald, R., Esfandiari, J., Lesellier, S., Houghton, R., Pollock, J., Aagaard, C., Andersen, P., Hewinson, R. G., Chambers, M., and Lyashchenko, K. (2003) Improved serodetection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in badgers (Meles meles) using multian-tigen test formats. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 46, 197–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Birnbaum, S., Uden, C., Magnusson, C. G., and Nilsson, S. (1992) Latex-based thin-layer immunoaffinity chromatography for quantita-tion of protein analytes. Anal Biochem. 206, 168–171

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. LaBorde, R. and O'Farrell, B. (2002) Paramagnetic-particle detection in lateral-flow assays. IVD Technol. 8, 36–41

    Google Scholar 

  53. Szoka, F., Olson, F., Heath, T., Vail, W., Mayhew, E., and Papahadjopoulos, D. (1980) Preparation of unilamellar lipo-somes of intermediate size (0.1–0.2 μmol) by a combination of reverse phase evaporation and extrusion through polycarbonate membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 601, 559–571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Szoka, F., Jr., and Papahadjopoulos, D. (1978) Procedure for preparation of liposomes with large internal aqueous space and high capture by reverse-phase evaporation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 75, 4194–4198

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Edwards, K. A. and Baeumner, A. J. (2006) Sequential injection analysis system for the sandwich hybridization-based detection of nucleic acids. Anal Chem. 78, 1958–1966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Rule, G. S., Montagna, R. A., and Durst, R. A. (1997) Characteristics of DNA-tagged liposomes allowing their use in capillary-migration, sandwich-hybridization assays. Anal Biochem. 244, 260–269

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Rongen, H. A. H., Bult, A., and vanBen-nekom, W. P. (1997) Liposomes and immu-noassays. J Imm Meth. 204, 105–133

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Esch, M. B., Baeumner, A. J., and Durst, R. A. (2001) Detection of Cryptosporidium par-vum using oligonucleotide-tagged liposomes in a competitive assay format. Anal Chem. 73, 3162–3167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Locascio-Brown, L., Plant, A. L., Chesler, R., Kroll, M., Ruddel, M., and Durst, R. A. (1993) Liposome-based flow-injection immunoassay for determining theophylline in serum. Clin Chem. 39, 386–391

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Edwards, K. A. and Baeumner, A. J. (2007) Synthesis of a liposome incorporated 1-car-boxyalkylxanthine–phospholipid conjugate and its recognition by an RNA aptamer. Talanta. 71, 365–372

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Edwards, K. A., and Baeumner, A. J. (2006) Optimization of DNA-tagged liposomes for use in microtiter plate analyses. Anal Bioanal Chem. 386, 1613–1623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Goral, V. N., Zaytseva, N. V., and Baeumner, A. J. (2006) Electrochemical microfluidic biosensor for the detection of nucleic acid sequences. Lab Chip. 6, 414–421

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Deiman, B., van Aarle, P., and Sillekens, P. (2002) Characteristics and applications of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). Mol Biotechnol. 20, 163–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Clemons, W. M., Jr., May, J. L., Wimberly, B. T., McCutcheon, J. P., Capel, M. S., and Ramakrishnan, V. (1999) Structure of a bacte rial 30S ribosomal subunit at 5.5 A resolution. Nature. 400, 833–840

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Cook, N. (2003) The use of NASBA for the detection of microbial pathogens in food and environmental samples. J Microbiol Methods. 53, 165–174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Birch, L., Dawson, C. E., Cornett, J. H., and Keer, J. T. (2001) A comparison of nucleic acid amplification techniques for the assessment of bacterial viability. Lett Appl Microbiol. 33, 296–301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Keer, J. T., and Birch, L. (2003) Molecular methods for the assessment of bacterial viability. J Microbiol Methods. 53, 175–183

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Vandamme, A. M., Van Dooren, S., Kok, W., Goubau, P., Fransen, K., Kievits, T., Schmit, J. C., De Clercq, E., and Desmyter, J. (1995) Detection of HIV-1 RNA in plasma and serum samples using the NASBA amplification system compared to RNA-PCR. J Virol Methods. 52, 121–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Simpkins, S. A., Chan, A. B., Hays, J., Popping, B., and Cook, N. (2000) An RNA transcription-based amplification technique (NASBA) for the detection of viable Salmonella enterica. Lett Appl Microbiol. 30, 75–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Sakallah, S. A. (2000) Molecular diagnostics of infectious diseases: state of the technology. Biotechnol Annu Rev. 6, 141–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Iqbal, S. S., Mayo, M. W., Bruno, J. G., Bronk, B. V., Batt, C. A., and Chambers, J. P. (2000) A review of molecular recognition technologies for detection of biological threat agents. Biosens Bioelectron. 15, 549–578

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Wolfe, H. J. (1988) DNA probes in diagnostic pathology. Am J Clin Pathol. 90, 340–344

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Mac Kenzie, W. R., Hoxie, N. J., Proctor, M. E., Gradus, M. S., Blair, K. A., Peterson, D. E., Kazmierczak, J. J., Addiss, D. G., Fox, K. R., Rose, J. B., and et al. (1994) A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of crypt-osporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply. N Engl J Med. 331, 161–167

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Fayer, R., Trout, J. M., Lewis, E. J., Santin, M., Zhou, L., Lal, A. A., and Xiao, L. (2003) Contamination of Atlantic coast commercial shellfish with Cryptosporidium. Parasitol Res. 89, 141–145

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Nime, F. A., Burek, J. D., Page, D. L., Hols-cher, M. A., and Yardley, J. H. (1976) Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium. Gastroenter-ology. 70, 592–598

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Brown, T. A. (2002) Genomes, Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  77. Somer, L., and Kashi, Y. (2003) A PCR method based on 16S rRNA sequence for simultaneous detection of the genus Listeria and the species Listeria monocytogenes in food products. J Food Prot. 66, 1658–1665

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Fuchs, B. M., Glockner, F. O., Wulf, J., and Amann, R. (2000) Unlabeled helper oligo-nucleotides increase the in situ accessibility to 16S rRNA of fluorescently labeled oligonu-cleotide probes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 66, 3603–3607

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Ban, N., Nissen, P., Hansen, J., Capel, M., Moore, P. B., and Steitz, T. A. (1999) Placement of protein and RNA structures into a 5 A-resolution map of the 50S ribosomal subu-nit. Nature. 400, 841–847

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Nugen, S. R., Leonard, B., and Baeumner, A. J. (2006) Application of a unique server-based oligonucleotide probe selection tool toward a novel biosensor for the detection of Streptococcus pyogenes. Biosens Bioelectron. 22, 2442–2448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Small, J., Call, D. R., Brockman, F. J., Straub, T. M., and Chandler, D. P. (2001) Direct detection of 16S rRNA in soil extracts by using oligonucleotide microarrays. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67, 4708–4716

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Chaney, R., Rider, J., and Pamphilon, D. (1999) Direct detection of bacteria in cellular blood products using bacterial ribosomal RNA-directed probes coupled to electrochem-iluminescence. Transfus Med. 9, 177–188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Chen, C. S., Baeumner, A. J., and Durst, R. A. (2005) Protein G-liposomal nanovesicles as universal reagents for immunoassays. Talanta. 67, 205–211

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Plant, A. L., Brizgys, M. V., Locasio-Brown, L., and Durst, R. A. (1989) Generic liposome reagent for immunoassays. Anal Biochem. 176, 420–426

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Edwards, K. A., and Baeumner, A. J. (2007) DNA-oligonucleotide encapsulating lipo-somes as a secondary signal amplification means. Anal Chem. 79, 1806–1815

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Zuker, M. (2003) Mfold web server for nucleic acid folding and hybridization prediction. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 3406–3415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Altschul, S. F., Gish, W., Miller, W., Myers, E. W., and Lipman, D. J. (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol. 215, 403–410

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Benson, D. A., Karsch-Mizrachi, I., Lipman, D. J., Ostell, J., and Wheeler, D. L. (2004) Gen-Bank: update. Nucleic Acids Res. 32, D23–D26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Koppel, D. E. (1972) Analysis of macromo-lecular polydispersity in intensity correlation spectroscopy – method of cumulants. J Chem Phys. 57, 4814–4820

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Frisken, B. J. (2001) Revisiting the method of cumulants for the analysis of dynamic light-scattering data. Appl Opt. 40, 4087–4091

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Fiske, C. H., and Subbarow, Y. (1925) The colorimetric determination of phosphorus. J Biol Chem. 66, 375–400

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. (2001) RNeasy Mini Handbook, Qiagen

    Google Scholar 

  93. Boom, R., Sol, C. J., Salimans, M. M., Jansen, C. L., Wertheim-van Dillen, P. M., and van der Noordaa, J. (1990) Rapid and simple method for purification of nucleic acids. J Clin Micro-biol. 28, 495–503

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Bartlett, G. R. (1959) Phosphorus assay in column chromatography. J Biol Chem. 234, 466–468

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Coyne, V., James, D., Reid, S., and Rybicki, E. (1998) Detection of nucleic acids by hybridization. http://www.mcb.uct.ac.za/hybridn.htm Accessed March 24 2007

  96. Boutet, V., Delaunay, V., De Oliveira, M. C., Boquet, D., Grognet, J. M., Grassi, J., and Deverre, J. R. (2000) Real-time monitoring of the hybridization reaction: application to the quantification of oligonucleotides in biological samples. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 268, 92–98

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the review of this chapter by Kit Meyers and Barbara Leonard.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

    Katie A. Edwards & Antje J. Baeumner

Authors
  1. Katie A. Edwards
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Antje J. Baeumner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, MD, USA

    Avraham Rasooly

  2. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA

    Avraham Rasooly

  3. Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

    Keith E. Herold

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Edwards, K.A., Baeumner, A.J. (2009). Liposome-Enhanced Lateral-Flow Assays for the Sandwich-Hybridization Detection of RNA. In: Rasooly, A., Herold, K.E. (eds) Biosensors and Biodetection. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 504. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-569-9_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-569-9_13

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60327-568-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60327-569-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation