Abstract
Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a technique used to determine the association of proteins or histone modifications with chromatin regions in living cells or tissues, and is used extensively in the chromatin biology field to study transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. Increasing evidence points to an epigenetic coordination of signaling cascades, such as ERK, that regulate key processes in development and disease, revealing novel principles of gene regulation. Here we describe a detailed protocol for performing chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by qPCR (ChIP-qPCR) for probing histone modifications regulated by ERK signaling in mouse ESCs.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Campos EI, Reinberg D (2009) Histones: annotating chromatin. Annu Rev Genet 43:559–599
Kouzarides T (2007) Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell 128:693–705
Badeaux AI, Shi Y (2013) Emerging roles for chromatin as a signal integration and storage platform. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 14:211–224
Johnson DG, Dent SY (2013) Chromatin: receiver and quarterback for cellular signals. Cell 152:685–689
Bonni A, Brunet A, West AE et al (1999) Cell survival promoted by the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway by transcription-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Science 286:1358–1362
Samatar AA, Poulikakos PI (2014) Targeting RAS-ERK signalling in cancer: promises and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 13:928–942
Khokhlatchev AV, Canagarajah B, Wilsbacher J et al (1998) Phosphorylation of the MAP kinase ERK2 promotes its homodimerization and nuclear translocation. Cell 93:605–615
Marais R, Wynne J, Treisman R (1993) The SRF accessory protein Elk-1 contains a growth factor-regulated transcriptional activation domain. Cell 73:381–393
Hu S, Xie Z, Onishi A et al (2009) Profiling the human protein-DNA interactome reveals ERK2 as a transcriptional repressor of interferon signaling. Cell 139:610–622
Klein AM, Zaganjor E, Cobb MH (2013) Chromatin-tethered MAPKs. Curr Opin Cell Biol 25:272–277
Tee WW, Shen SS, Oksuz O et al (2014) Erk1/2 activity promotes chromatin features and RNAPII phosphorylation at developmental promoters in mouse ESCs. Cell 156:678–690
Trigon S, Serizawa H, Conaway JW et al (1998) Characterization of the residues phosphorylated in vitro by different C-terminal domain kinases. J Biol Chem 273:6769–6775
Deng C, Kaplan MJ, Yang J et al (2001) Decreased Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling may cause DNA hypomethylation in T lymphocytes from lupus patients. Arthritis Rheum 44:397–407
Gorelik G, Richardson B (2009) Aberrant T cell ERK pathway signaling and chromatin structure in lupus. Autoimmun Rev 8:196–198
Grabole N, Tischler J, Hackett JA, Kim S, Tang F, Leitch HG, Magnusdottir E, Surani MA (2013) Prdm14 promotes germline fate and naive pluripotency by repressing FGF signalling and DNA methylation. EMBO Rep 14:629–637
Leitch HG, McEwen KR, Turp A et al (2013) Naive pluripotency is associated with global DNA hypomethylation. Nat Struct Mol Biol 20:311–316
Yamaji M, Ueda J, Hayashi K et al (2013) PRDM14 ensures naive pluripotency through dual regulation of signaling and epigenetic pathways in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 12:368–382
Chen Y, Gorelik GJ, Strickland FM et al (2010) Decreased ERK and JNK signaling contribute to gene overexpression in “senescent” CD4 + CD28- T cells through epigenetic mechanisms. J Leukoc Biol 87:137–145
Nabet B, Broin PB, Reyes JM, Shieh K, Lin CY, Will CM, Popovic R, Ezponda T, Bradner JE, Golden AA, Licht JD (2015) Deregulation of the Ras-Erk signaling axis modulates the enhancer landscape. Cell Rep 12:1300–1313
Lanner F, Rossant J (2010) The role of FGF/Erk signaling in pluripotent cells. Development 137:3351–3360
Goke J, Chan YS, Yan J et al (2013) Genome-wide kinase-chromatin interactions reveal the regulatory network of ERK signaling in human embryonic stem cells. Mol Cell 50:844–855
Margueron R, Reinberg D (2011) The polycomb complex PRC2 and its mark in life. Nature 469:343–349
Tee WW, Reinberg D (2014) Chromatin features and the epigenetic regulation of pluripotency states in ESCs. Development 141: 2376–2390
Ficz G, Hore TA, Santos F et al (2013) FGF signaling inhibition in ESCs drives rapid genome-wide demethylation to the epigenetic ground state of pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 13:351–359
Joshi O, Wang SY, Kuznetsova T et al (2015) Dynamic reorganization of extremely long-range promoter-promoter interactions between two states of pluripotency. Cell Stem Cell 17:748–757
Cuddapah S, Barski A, Cui K et al (2009) Native chromatin preparation and Illumina/Solexa library construction. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2009:5237
Orlando DA, Chen MW, Brown VE, Solanki S, Choi YJ, Olson ER, Fritz CC, Bradner JE, Guenther MG (2014) Quantitative ChIP-Seq normalization reveals global modulation of the epigenome. Cell Rep 9:1163–1170
Bonhoure N, Bounova G, Bernasconi D et al (2014) Quantifying ChIP-seq data: a spiking method providing an internal reference for sample-to-sample normalization. Genome Res 24:1157–1168
Barski A, Cuddapah S, Cui K et al (2007) High-resolution profiling of histone methylations in the human genome. Cell 129:823–837
Voigt P, Tee WW, Reinberg D (2013) A double take on bivalent promoters. Genes Dev 27:1318–1338
Kent WJ, Sugnet CW, Furey TS et al (2002) The human genome browser at UCSC. Genome Res 12:996–1006
Koressaar T, Remm M (2007) Enhancements and modifications of primer design program Primer3. Bioinformatics 23:1289–1291
Untergasser A, Cutcutache I, Koressaar T et al (2012) Primer3--new capabilities and interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res 40, e115
Marks H, Kalkan T, Menafra R et al (2012) The transcriptional and epigenomic foundations of ground state pluripotency. Cell 149:590–604
Acknowledgments
Work in the W.-W.T. lab is supported by research fundings from the Singapore National Research Foundation Fellowship as well as the Biomedical Research Council, Agency for Science, Technology and Research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Oksuz, O., Tee, WW. (2017). Probing Chromatin Modifications in Response to ERK Signaling. In: Jimenez, G. (eds) ERK Signaling. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1487. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6424-6_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-6424-6_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-6422-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-6424-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols