Background

Mycoplasma suis (M. suis) is an uncultivable haemotropic Mycoplasma that targets red blood cells of pigs [3] and is responsible for infectious anaemia of pigs (IAP), historically known as porcine eperythrozoonosis [4]. The syndrome has two main clinical forms: an acute form with high fever and anaemia, and a chronic form with multiple and non-specific symptoms. Clinical consequences of M. suis infection can be very significant, particularly for the breeding herd in the period around farrowing. Infection with M. suis is also reported to result in decreased birth weights and poor growth in post-weaning piglets [4]. M. suis direct diagnosis consists in DNA detection by qPCR or observation in blood smears. To date, microscopic observation have proven to be of low sensitivity but it is of interest for practitioners because it could be performed immediately after clinical examination. A previous study described the low sensitivity of microscopic observation compared with qPCR, but the comparison was performed on post-weaning pigs (20–30 kg) supposed to be acutely diseased [7]. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical relevance of these two diagnostic tests for veterinary practitioners in adult pigs (sows) chronically affected.

Materials and methods

A total of 199 sows from ten farms were individually sampled in the week before farrowing. Blood was collected by venipuncture (jugular vein). Two samples were collected in Vacutest® EDTA-anticoagulated tubes, one for qPCR and one for blood smears, and submitted to the diagnostic laboratory within 24 h under positive-cold conditions.

For qPCR, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from 200 μL EDTA blood samples using MagAttract 96 Cador Pathogen kit (Qiagen, Venlo, The Netherlands) following manufacturer’s instructions. DNA recovery was obtained in 100 μL elution buffer AVE and stored at − 20 °C. A specific plasmid containing the targeted DNA sequence of M. suis was constructed. This plasmid was ordered (Eurofins, Luxembourg, Luxembourg): it contained the M. suis PCR target sequence. Dilutions of plasmidic DNA was then used to establish a quantitation curve. Dilutions were then used for absolute quantification assays. M. suis detection was achieved using a qPCR test [2]. The reverse primer, targeting 16S ribosomal DNA, was slightly modified. Following sequence alignment of French field strains of M. suis, reverse primer has been shifted from a base to the 3′ end. So that the test could be run with Labofarm’s routine qPCR thermal cycle, using the Ultra-Fast qPCR kit (Agilent Technologies, Les Ulis, France). Specificity was evaluated using Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Mycoplasma hyosynoviae and Mycoplasma floculare DNA. No cross reaction was detected. The quantification limit was achieved using M. suis negative EDTA blood sample spiked with M. suis plasmid. The qPCR is able to detect 106 copies of 16S ribosomal DNA gene per ml of blood corresponding to 5 to 2.5 × 105 bacteria per ml of blood.

Giemsa-stained blood smears were prepared from EDTA-anticoagulated venous bloods using automatic Giemsa colouring with the Aerospray automaton (Elitech, Puteaux, France). They were then read on an Olympus CX41 microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) at × 1000 magnification (immersion oil). Smears were examined by trained haematopathologists. Blood smears were considered positive if the presence of M. suis was clearly identified (Fig. 1). Doubtful samples were blood smears on which no Mycoplasma sp. could not be directly visualised but where a cytopathogenic effect on erythrocytes was observed: mostly presence of ghost cells, polychromasia and anisocytosis. For the comparison between the two diagnostic tools, we considered that the blood smear was negative if no M. suis was observed.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Light microscopic image of a Giemsa-Grünwald-stained infected blood smear. M. suis is identified with arrows (×1,000)

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Performances of qPCR and blood smear microscopy were compared to determine their clinical relevance. Specificity, sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) were estimated for Giemsa-stained blood smears using qPCR as the Gold Standard. The number of M. suis 16S gene copies per millilitre for each blood smear result (positive, doubtful or negative) were shown in box-plots using median, quartiles, minimum and maximum. Comparison of means was made using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.

Results

Samples were collected from 199 sows, but comparison between qPCR and blood smears microscopic observation results could only be carried out on 191 samples because of unreadable blood smears. For the detection of M. suis with blood smears, 42 samples were positive, 41 were doubtful and 108 were negative. For qPCR, 102 samples were positive and 89 were negative. Doubtful microscopy observations, on which no M. suis could be visualised were considered as negative for the estimation of sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV (Table 1). Considering qPCR as the reference standard diagnostic tool for the detection of M. suis, we first determined a specificity of 90%, a sensitivity of 32%, a PPV of 79% and an NPV of 54% for the microscopic observation of Giemsa-stained blood smears. Excluding unquantifiable positive qPCR results, we found no statistical relationship (p > 0.05) between mean qPCR loads and blood smear results (Fig. 2). At farm level, two farms out of ten were incorrectly classified as negative based on blood smears (Table 2).

Table 1 Classification of qPCR and blood smear results
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Fig. 2
figure 2

qPCR loads of M. suis positive, doubtful or negative sows based on blood smear microscopy. This graph is based on logarithmic scaling excluding qPCR unquantifiable results

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Table 2 Intra-herd rate of positive sows depending on diagnostic tool used (Giemsa-stained blood smear or qPCR)
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Discussion

The study aimed to determine the clinical relevance of Giemsa-stained blood smear for the diagnosis of M. suis compared with qPCR results. Indeed, qPCR is considered as the most effective method for the identification of M. suis [3]. In our study, we observed a low sensitivity of blood smear microscopy. Microscopic observation of the organism on the surface of erythrocytes in Giemsa-stained blood smears was demonstrated of poor relevance in acute infection ([3]; Hoelzle et al., 2007) because the parasites are not always apparent unless parasitaemia is present [6]. Chronic haemoplasma infections in pigs with low or undetectable numbers of parasites in peripheral blood smears are well recognized [5]. Limited number of M. suis on and between erythrocytes in the acute and chronic phases could explain the low sensitivity of blood smear microscopy compared with qPCR [1]. M. suis can invade erythrocytes [1], which explains why the bacteria is detected by qPCR, sometimes with high bacterial loads, without microscopic detection. In other words, qPCR is probably the best diagnostic tool available today for the diagnosis of M. suis in veterinary practice. However, nine samples were only positive in blood smears. Two explanations could be exposed. These unexpected results could be linked to qPCR inhibitors in samples or could be false positive results in blood smears microscopic observations. Indeed, false positive microscopic results are possible by confounding M. suis and immature DNA harbouring erythrocytic structures [7].

Conclusion

This study demonstrated the low sensitivity and the poor clinical relevance of blood smear microscopy for the detection of M. suis in chronically affected sows. Although more costly, qPCR is probably the best diagnostic tool available today for M. suis diagnosis.