Abstract
In this manuscript, we investigate a sort of fractional neutral integro-differential equations with impulsive outcomes and extend the formula of general solutions for the impulsive fractional neutral integro-differential system in a Banach space. By using the analysis of the limit case and the operator generating compact semigroup, we derive the main results. Finally, an example is discussed to illustrate the efficiency of the results.
Similar content being viewed by others
1 Introduction
Fractional calculus is a field of mathematics study that grows out of traditional definitions of calculus integral and derivative operators in much the same way fractional exponents are an outgrowth of exponents with integer value. The concept of fractional (fractional derivatives and integrals) is popularly believed to have stemmed from a question raised in the year 1695 by Marquis de L’Hopital (1661–1704) to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), which sought the meaning of Leibniz’s (currently popular) notation \(\frac{d^{n} y}{dx^{n}}\) for the derivative of order \(n\in\mathbb{N}\) when \(n=\frac{1}{2}\); that is, “What if n is fractional?”. In his reply, dated 30 September 1695, Leibniz wrote to L’ Hopital as follows:
“This is an apparent paradox from which, one day, useful consequences will be drawn.” That is, “\(d^{\frac{1}{2}}x \) are going to be adequate \(x\sqrt{dx:x} \).”
It is typically acknowledged that integer-order derivatives and integrals have clear physical and geometric interpretations. However, just in case of fractional-order integration and differentiation, that represent an apace growing field each in theory and in applications to planet issues, it is not thus. Since the looks of the thought on differentiation and integration of arbitrary (not necessary integer) order, there was not any acceptable geometric and physical interpretation of those operations for some three hundred years. In [22], it is shown that geometric interpretation of fractional integration is “Shadows on the walls” and its physical interpretation is “Shadows of the past”. Fractional differential equations (abbreviated, FDEs) and integro-differential equations have gained wide importance as a result of their applications in numerous fields like physics, mechanics, control theory, and engineering, one will create relevance to the books [2, 11, 22, 29] and also the papers [5, 10, 20, 25, 26, 30,31,32].
The definitions of Riemann–Liouville (abbreviated RL) FDEs or integral initial conditions play a very important role in some fractional problems within the world. Heymans and Podlubny [9] verified that it had been attainable to attribute physical desiring to initial conditions expressed in terms of RL fractional derivatives or integrals on the sector of the viscoelasticity. For more details, one can see [1, 15, 16, 19, 27].
In addition, the speculation of impulsive differential equations seems to be a natural description of many real processes subject to sure perturbations whose length is negligible as compared with the overall length of the method, such changes are going to be fairly well approximated as being quick changes of state, or inside the design of impulses. This methodology tends to be extra fittingly sculptured by impulsive differential equations, which allow for discontinuities inside the evolution of the state, considered in such fields as drugs, biology, engineering science, chemical technology, etc. Therefore, it appears fascinating to check the fractional impulsive differential and integro-differential equations.
Furthermore, impulsive fractional evolution systems with the Caputo fractional derivative with completely different conditions were studied by several authors, one can see [4, 7, 8, 12,13,14, 23, 24]. However, abundant less is thought regarding the impulsive fractional evolution systems with RL fractional derivative, see [17, 18, 28].
In specific, the following fractional order integro-differential equation in a Banach space using the Caputo fractional derivative:
was mentioned by Gou and Li [8], and they established the local and global existence of mild solution to an impulsive fractional semilinear integro-differential equation with noncompact semigroup. In [18], Liu and Bin gave the approximate controllability of an impulsive RL fractional system with the help of the Banach contraction principle in a Banach space. Liu et al. [17] established the approximate controllability of impulsive fractional neutral evolution equations with RL fractional derivatives by using the Banach contraction principle. Later, Zhang et al. [28] analyzed the general solution of impulsive systems with RL fractional derivatives by using a limit case (as impulse tends to zero).
However, local existence for impulsive fractional neutral integro-differential equations with RL has not been fully investigated in the literature.
Inspired by the above-mentioned works, we investigate the following impulsive fractional integro-differential equation with RL fractional derivative of the form
where \({}^{L}D_{t}^{\gamma }\) (\(0<\gamma <1\)) represents the RL fractional derivative of order γ and \(I^{1-\gamma }_{0+}\) denotes the RL integral of order \(1-\gamma \). Throughout this paper, we take \(\mathscr{I}=[0,T]\) is an operational interval. Let \(\mathscr{A}:D(\mathscr{A})\subseteq \mathbb{H}\rightarrow \mathbb{H}\) be the infinitesimal generator of a \(c_{0}\) semigroup \(\{\mathcal{T}(t)\}_{t\ge 0}\) in a Banach space \(\mathbb{H}\). There exists a constant \(\mathcal{M}\ge1\) such that \(\|\mathcal{T}(t)\|\le \mathcal{M}\), \(\mathscr{D},\mathscr{L},\mathscr{P}:\mathscr{I}\times \mathbb{H}\rightarrow \mathbb{H}\), \(q:\mathscr{I}\rightarrow \mathbb{H}\) and \(I_{k}:\mathbb{H}\rightarrow \mathbb{H}\) are apposite continuous functions. \(0=t_{0}< t_{1}<,\ldots,<t_{m}=T\). Here \(I^{1-\gamma }_{0+}w(t_{k}^{+})=\lim_{\epsilon \rightarrow0^{+}}I^{1-\gamma }_{0+}w(t_{k}+\epsilon )\) and \(I^{1-\gamma }_{0+}w(t_{k}^{-})=\lim_{\epsilon \rightarrow0^{-}}I^{1-\gamma }_{0+}w(t_{k}+\epsilon )\) denote the right and left limits of \(I^{1-\gamma }_{0+}w(t)\) at \(t=t_{k} \), respectively.
For impulsive system (1.1)–(1.3), we have
As a result, it implies that there exists a hidden condition
Consequently, the definition of solution for impulsive framework (1.1)–(1.3) is given below.
Definition 1.1
Let \(w(t) :[0,T]\rightarrow \mathbb{H}\) be the solution of the fractional structure (1.1)–(1.3) if \(I^{1-\gamma }_{0+}[w(t)-\mathscr{D}(t,w(t))]|_{t=0}=w_{0}\), the problem \({}^{L}D_{t}^{\gamma }[w(t)-\mathscr{D}(t,w(t) )]=\mathscr{A}w(t)+\mathscr{L}(t,w(t) )+\int^{t}_{0} q(t-s) \mathscr{P} (t,w(s) )\,ds\) for each \(t\in(0,T]\) is proved, the impulsive conditions \(\Delta I_{0^{+}}^{1-\gamma } w|_{t=t_{k}}=I_{k}(w(t_{k}^{-}))\) (here \(k=1,\ldots,m\)) are fulfilled, the confinement of \(w(t)\) to the interval \((t_{k},t_{k+1}]\) (here \(k=1,\ldots,m\)) is continuous, and therefore condition (1.5) holds.
The rest of this paper is composed as follows. In Sect. 2, we present some preliminaries which will be used to prove our necessary and sufficient conditions. In Sect. 3, the existence of solutions for problem (1.1)–(1.3) is analyzed under appropriate fixed point techniques. In Sect. 4, as a final point, examples are given to illustrate our results.
2 Preliminaries
In this preliminary, we tend to recall some basic definitions, lemmas, and theorem which will be used throughout this paper. The norm of a Banach space \(\mathbb{H}\) is denoted by \(\|\cdot\|_{\mathbb{H}}\). Let \(C(\mathscr{I},\mathbb{H}) \) represent the Banach space of all \(\mathbb{H}\)-valued continuous functions from \(\mathscr{I}\) to \(\mathbb{H}\) with the norm \(\|w\|_{C}=\sup_{t\in \mathscr{I}}\| w(t)\|_{\mathbb{H}}\). So as to outline the mild solution of problem (1.1)–(1.3), we tend to additionally take the Banach space \(C_{1-\gamma }(\mathscr{I},\mathbb{H})=\{w\in C(\mathscr{I},\mathbb{H}):t^{1-\gamma }w(t)\in C(\mathscr{I}, \mathbb{H})\}\) with the norm
Obviously, the space \(C_{1-\gamma }\) is a Banach space.
In order to outline the mild solutions of system (1.1)–(1.3), we also consider the Banach space \(PC_{1-\gamma }(\mathscr{I},\mathbb{H})\) = {\(w:(t-t_{k})^{1-\gamma }w(t)\in PC_{1-\gamma }(\mathscr{I},\mathbb{H})\) is continuous from left and has right limits at \(t\in\{t_{1}, t_{2}, \ldots, t_{m}\}\)}
Definition 2.1
([30])
Let \(\mathscr{A}\) be the infinitesimal generator of an analytic semigroup \(\{ \mathcal{T}(t)\}_{t\ge0}\) of uniformly bounded linear operators on \(\mathbb{H}\). If \(0 \in\rho(-\mathscr{A})\), where \(\rho(-\mathscr{A})\) is the resolvent set of \(\mathscr{A}\), then for \(0<\eta\le1\), it is possible to define the fractional power \(\mathscr{A}^{\eta}\) as a closed linear operator on its domain \(D(\mathscr{A}^{\eta})\). For an analytic semigroup \(\{\mathcal{T}(t)\}_{t\ge 0}\), the following properties will be used.
-
1.
There is \(\mathcal{M}\ge1\) such that
$$\mathcal{M}:=\sup_{t\in[0,+\infty)} \bigl\vert \mathcal{T}(t) \bigr\vert < \infty. $$ -
2.
For any \(\eta\in(0,1]\), there exists \(\mathcal{M}_{\eta}>0\) ensuring that
$$\bigl\Vert \mathscr{A}^{\eta}\mathcal{T}(t) \bigr\Vert \leq \frac{\mathcal{M}_{\eta}}{t^{\eta}},\quad0< t\leq T. $$
For additional details regarding the semigroup theory and fractional powers of operators, we advise the reader to refer to [21].
Currently, we offer a few basic definitions and results of the fractional calculus theory that happen to be used in addition as a chunk of this manuscript.
Definition 2.2
([11])
The fractional integral of order γ with the lower limit 0 for a function f is determined as
given the right part is point-wise described on \([0,+\infty)\), where \(\varGamma(\cdot)\) is the gamma function.
Definition 2.3
([11])
The RL derivative of order γ with the lower limit 0 for a function \(f\in L^{1}(\mathscr{I},\mathbb{H})\) is characterized as
Consider the initial value problem
is equivalent to the following nonlinear Volterra integral equation of the second kind:
The piecewise function for (1.1)–(1.3) is given by
where \(\varLambda_{1}(s)=\mathscr{L}(s,w(s))+\int^{s}_{0} q(s-\tau)\mathscr {P}(\tau,w(\tau))\, d\tau\), \(t\in(t_{k},t_{k+1}]\), \(k=0,1,\ldots,m\), with
By Definition 2.3, we have
where \(a=0\) and \(t\in(t_{k},t_{k+1}]\).
So, \(\overline {w}(t)\) fulfills the condition of fractional differential framework (1.1)–(1.3), and it does not fulfill condition (1.5). In this way, we accept that \(\overline {w}(t)\) is an approximate solution for the exact solution of impulsive framework (1.1)–(1.3).
Theorem 2.1
Suppose that ξ is a constant and \(a=0\). \(w(t)\) is a general solution of model (1.1)–(1.3) if and only if \(w(t)\) fulfills the fractional integral equation
where \(a=0\) and \(t\in(t_{k},t_{k+1}]\), given that the integral in (2.1) exists.
Proof
“Necessity”: First we are able to simply verify that equation (2.1) fulfills the shrouded condition (1.5). Next, taking the RL fractional derivative to equation (2.1) for every \(t\in(t_{k},t_{k+1}]\), \(k=0,1,\ldots,m\), we get
Therefore, equation (2.1) fulfills the RL fractional derivative of model (1.1)–(1.3). Using (2.1) for every \(t_{k}\), \(k=1,2,\ldots, m\), we have
Therefore, equation (2.1) fulfills the impulsive conditions of model (1.1)–(1.3). Then equation (2.1) satisfies the conditions of system (1.1)–(1.3) with \(a=0\).
“Sufficiency”: We demonstrate that the solutions of framework (1.1)–(1.3) fulfill condition (2.1) by scientific induction. By Definition 2.2, the solution of model (1.1)–(1.3) fulfills
By (2.2), we have
and the approximate solution \(\overline {w}(t)\), \(t\in(t_{1},t_{2}]\) is defined by
with \(e_{1}(t)=w(t)-\overline {w}(t)\), \(t\in(t_{1},t_{2}]\). By
We get
Then we assume
where the function \(\sigma(\cdot)\) is an undetermined function with \(\sigma(0)=1\). Thus,
Using (2.3), we get
and the approximate solution \(\overline {w}(t)\), \(t\in(t_{2},t_{3}]\) is given by
for \(t\in(t_{2},t_{3}]\). Similarly, we get
Moreover, letting \(t_{2}\rightarrow t_{1}\), we have
Using (2.3) and (2.4), we have \(1-\sigma(\Delta _{1}+\Delta _{2})=1-\sigma(\Delta_{1})+1-\sigma(\Delta_{2})\). Taking \(\rho (z)=1-\sigma(z)\), we have \(\rho(z+\omega)=\rho(z)+\rho(\omega)\) for ∀z, \(\omega\in \mathbb{C}\). So, \(\rho(z)=\xi z\). Thus,
Continuing in this way, we obtain, for \(t\in(t_{k},t_{k+1}]\),
So, the solution of system (1.1)–(1.3) satisfies equation (2.1) with \(a=0\). Therefore, the impulsive system (1.1)–(1.3) is equivalent to the integral equation (2.1) with \(a=0\). □
Lemma 2.1
If \(a=0\) and \(\xi=0\) in (2.6) are given by
where \(\varLambda_{1}(s)=\mathscr{L}(s,w(s))+\int^{s}_{0} q(s-\tau)\mathscr{P}(\tau ,w(\tau))\, d\tau\). Then, for \(t>0\), we have
where
\(\phi_{\gamma }(\theta)=\frac{1}{\pi}\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}(-1)^{n-1}\theta^{-\gamma n-1}\frac{\varGamma(n\gamma +1)}{n!}\sin(n\pi \gamma )\), \(\theta\in(0,\infty)\). Here \(\xi_{\gamma }\) is the probability density function in \((0,\infty)\), that is, \(\xi_{\gamma }(\theta)\geq0\) and \(\int^{\infty}_{0}\xi_{\gamma }(\theta)\,d\theta=1\).
Proof
The proof is very similar to the proof of [30, 32, Lemma 3.1, Lemma 3.3], hence here we omit it. □
Lemma 2.2
([30, Lemma 3.2])
If \(t\geq0\), \(\mathbb{T}_{\gamma }(t)\) is a linear and bounded operator. That is, for any \(w\in \mathbb{H}\),
Lemma 2.3
([30, Lemma 3.5])
For any \(\beta\in(0,1)\), \(\eta\in(0,1]\), and for all \(w\in D(\mathscr{A})\), there exists a positive constant \(\mathcal{M}_{\eta}\) in a way that
and
Lemma 2.4
([27, Lemma 2.7])
Assume \(\xi, \eta\in \mathbb{R}\), \(\eta>-1 \) and \(n\in\mathbb{N}^{+}\), and then when \(t>0\), we have
Next, we have a tendency to recall some properties of the measure of noncompactness which will be employed in the proof of our main results. We tend to denote by \(\omega(\cdot)\) the Kuratowski measure of noncompactness on both the finite sets of \(\mathbb{H}\) and \(C(\mathscr{I},\mathbb{H})\). For more points of interest of the measure of noncompactness, see [3, 6]. For any \(D\subset C(\mathscr{I},\mathbb{H}) \) and \(t\in \mathscr{I}\), let \(D(t)=\{u(t)|u\in D\}\subset \mathbb{H}\). If \(D\subset C(\mathscr{I},\mathbb{H})\) is bounded, then \(D(t)\) is bounded in \(\mathbb{H}\) and \(\omega(D(t))\leq\omega(D)\).
3 Existence results
In this area, we display and demonstrate the existence results for problem (1.1)–(1.3). In view of Lemma 2.1, first, we define the mild solution for model (1.1)–(1.3) with the help of a probability density function and the Laplace transform.
Definition 3.1
([27, Definition 3.1])
A function \(w\in PC_{1-\gamma }(\mathscr{I},\mathbb{H})\) is said to be a mild solution of model (1.1)–(1.3) if the following hold:
-
(i)
\(I^{1-\gamma }_{0^{+}}[w(t)-\mathscr{D}(t,w(t))]|_{t=0}=w_{0}\in \mathbb{H}\);
-
(ii)
$$ w(t)= \textstyle\begin{cases} t^{\gamma -1}\mathbb{T}_{\gamma }(t)w_{0}+\int^{t}_{0}(t-s)^{\gamma -1}\mathscr{A}\mathbb{T}_{\gamma }(t-s)\mathscr{D}(s,w(s))\,ds \\ \quad{}+\mathscr{D}(t,w(t)) +\int^{t}_{0}(t-s)^{\gamma -1}\mathbb{T}_{\gamma }(t-s) [\mathscr{L}(s,w(s)) \\ \quad{}+\int^{s}_{0} q(s-\tau) \mathscr{P}(\tau,w(\tau))\, d\tau]\,ds,& t\in(0,t_{1}], \\ t^{\gamma -1}\mathbb{T}_{\gamma }(t)w_{0}+\int^{t}_{0}(t-s)^{\gamma -1}\mathscr{A}\mathbb{T}_{\gamma }(t-s)\mathscr{D}(s,w(s))\,ds \\ \quad{}+\mathscr{D}(t,w(t)) +\int^{t}_{0}(t-s)^{\gamma -1}\mathbb{T}_{\gamma }(t-s) [\mathscr{L}(s,w(s)) \\ \quad{}+\int^{s}_{0} q(s-\tau) \mathscr{P}(\tau,w(\tau))\, d\tau]\,ds \\ \quad{}+\sum_{i=1}^{k}\mathbb{T}_{\gamma }(t-t_{i})(t-t_{i})^{\gamma -1}I_{i}(w(t_{i}^{-})),& t\in(t_{k},t_{k+1}]. \end{cases} $$
Now, we are in a position to introduce the hypotheses on framework (1.1)–(1.3) as follows.
-
(H1)
\(\mathcal{T}(t)\), \(t>0\) is a strongly continuous semigroup and continuous in the uniform operator topology.
-
(H2)
\(\mathscr{L}:\mathscr{I}\times \mathbb{H}\rightarrow \mathbb{H}\) is continuous, and we can discover constants \(N_{\mathscr{L}}>0\) in a way that
$$ \bigl\Vert \mathscr{L}(t,w)-\mathscr{L}(t,v) \bigr\Vert _{\mathbb{H}}\le N_{\mathscr{L}} \Vert w-v \Vert _{\mathbb{H}},\quad t\in \mathscr{I}, w,v\in \mathbb{H}. $$ -
(H3)
\(\mathscr{P}:\mathscr{I}\times \mathbb{H}\rightarrow \mathbb{H}\) is continuous, and we can discover constants \(N_{\mathscr{P}}>0\) such that
$$ \bigl\Vert \mathscr{P}(t,w)-\mathscr{P}(t,v) \bigr\Vert _{\mathbb{H}}\le N_{\mathscr{P}} \Vert w-v \Vert _{\mathbb{H}},\quad t\in \mathscr{I}, w,v\in \mathbb{H}. $$ -
(H4)
The function \(\mathscr{D}:\mathscr{I}\times \mathbb{H}\rightarrow \mathbb{H}\), we can discover constants \(\beta\in(0, 1)\) and \(N_{\mathscr{D}}>0\) in ways that \(\mathscr{D}\in D(\mathscr{A}^{\beta})\), and for any \(w,v\in \mathbb{H}\), \(t\in \mathscr{I}\), the function \(\mathscr{A}^{\beta} \mathscr{D}(\cdot,w)\) is strongly measurable and \(\mathscr{A}^{\beta} \mathscr{D}(t,w)\) satisfies
$$ \bigl\Vert \mathscr{A}^{\beta} \mathscr{D}(t,w)- \mathscr{A}^{\beta} \mathscr{D}(t,v) \bigr\Vert _{\mathbb{H}}\leq N_{\mathscr{D}} \Vert w-v \Vert _{\mathbb{H}}. $$ -
(H5)
There exist constants \(0< d_{k}<\varGamma(\gamma )/ [\mathcal{M}\sum_{i=1}^{k} (t_{i}-t_{i-1})^{\gamma -1} ]\), \(k=1,\ldots,m+1\), ensuring that
$$ \bigl\Vert I_{i}(w)-I_{i}(v) \bigr\Vert _{\mathbb{H}}\leq d_{i} \Vert w-v \Vert _{\mathbb{H}} \quad \text{and}\quad\bigl\Vert I_{i}(w) \bigr\Vert \leq N_{I},\quad(w,v)\in \mathbb{H}^{2}. $$ -
(H6)
For any \(R>0\) and \(a>0\), there exists \(L_{i}(R,a)>0\), \(i=1,2,3\), ensuring that for any equicontinuous and countable set \(D\subset B_{R}=\{w\in \mathbb{H}:\|w\|\leq R\}\),
$$\begin{aligned}& \omega\bigl(\mathscr{L}(t,D)\bigr)\leq L_{2} \omega(D),\qquad\omega\bigl( \mathscr{D}(t,D)\bigr)\leq L_{1} \omega(D), \\& \omega\bigl(\mathscr{P}(t,D)\bigr)\leq L_{3} \omega(D), \quad t \in[0,a]. \end{aligned}$$
Remark 3.1
Throughout this paper, we define a few notations:
Theorem 3.1
Assume that hypotheses (H1)–(H6) are satisfied. Then, for every \(w_{0}\in PC_{1-\gamma }(\mathscr{I},\mathbb{H})\), there exists \(\tau_{1}=\tau_{1}(w_{0})\), \(0<\tau _{1}<T\), ensuring that model (1.1)–(1.3) has a solution \(w\in PC_{1-\gamma }((0,\tau_{1}],\mathbb{H})\).
Proof
Since we are interested here just in local solutions, we may assume that \(T<\infty\). By using our conditions (H1)–(H5), \(t^{\prime}>0\) and \(r>0\) are such that \(B_{r}(w_{0})=\{w:(t-t_{k})^{1-\gamma }\|w-w_{0}\|\leq r\}\) and \((t-t_{k})^{1-\gamma }\|\mathscr{L}(t,w(t))\|\leq N_{\mathscr{L}}\), \((t-t_{k})^{1-\gamma }\| \mathscr{P}(t,w(t))\|\leq N_{\mathscr{P}}\), \((t-t_{k})^{1-\gamma }\|\mathscr{A}^{\beta }\mathscr{D}(t,w(t))\|\leq N_{\mathscr{D}}\) for \(0\leq t\leq t^{\prime}\) and \(w\in B_{r}(w_{0})\) and select
where \(q^{*}=\sup_{0\leq t\leq T}\int^{t}_{0}\|q(t-s)\|\,ds\), \(\overline {u}=\frac{\mathcal{M}}{\varGamma(\gamma )} [\|w_{0}\|-\sum_{i=1}^{k}(t_{i}-t_{i-1})^{\gamma -1} ]\). Set \(\varOmega=\{w\in PC_{1-\gamma }([0,\tau_{1}],\mathbb{H}):t^{1-\gamma }\|w(t)\| \leq r, t\in[0,\tau_{1}]\}\), then Ω is a closed ball in \(PC_{1-\gamma }([0,\tau_{1}],\mathbb{H})\) with center θ and radius r. Consider the operator \(\varUpsilon :\varOmega\rightarrow PC_{1-\gamma }([0,\tau_{1}],\mathbb{H})\) defined by
For any \(w\in\varOmega\) and \(t\in[0,\tau_{1}]\), by Lemma 2.2 and Lemma 2.3, we have
where
Using \(J_{1}-J_{4}\) in equation (3.2), we get
Therefore, \(\varUpsilon w\in\varOmega\). Now we show that ϒ is continuous from Ω into Ω. To show this, we first observe that since \(\mathscr{L}\), \(\mathscr{D}\), and \(\mathscr{P}\) are continuous in \(\mathscr{I}\times \mathbb{H}\), for any \(\epsilon >0\) and for fixed \(w\in B_{R}(w_{0})\), there exists \(\delta_{1}(w), \delta_{2}(w)>0 \) ensuring that for any \(v\in B_{R}(w_{0})\) and let \(\delta (w)=\min\{\delta_{1}(w), \delta_{2}(w)\}\). Then, for any \(v\in\varOmega\), \((t-t_{k})^{1-\gamma }\|w(t)-v(t)\|<\delta(w)\) and choose
Then we have
Thus, we have that \(\varUpsilon :\varOmega\rightarrow\varOmega\) is a continuous operator. Next, we demonstrate that the operator \(\varUpsilon :\varOmega\rightarrow \varOmega \) is equicontinuous. For any \(w\in\varOmega\) and \(0\leq t_{1}< t_{2}\leq\tau _{1}\), we get that
where
From (\(J_{5}\))–(\(J_{9}\)) in equation (3.3), we have
which means that \(\varUpsilon :\varOmega\rightarrow\varOmega\) is equicontinuous.
Since \((t_{2}-s)^{1-\gamma }\mathbb{T}_{\gamma }(t_{2}-s)-(t_{1}-s)^{1-\gamma }\mathbb{T}_{\gamma }(t_{1}-s)\rightarrow0\) as \(t_{2}\rightarrow t_{1}\) because \(\mathbb{T}_{\gamma }(\cdot )\) is strongly continuous.
Let \(B=\overline {\operatorname{co}}\varUpsilon (\omega)\). At that point it is anything but difficult to confirm that ϒ maps B into itself and \(B\subset PC_{1-\gamma }(\mathscr{I},\mathbb{H})\) is equicontinuous. Now, we prove that \(\varUpsilon :B\rightarrow B\) is a condensing operator. For any \(E\subset B\), by [8, Lemma 2.2], there exists a countable set \(E_{0}=\{w_{n}\}\subset E\) such that
By the equicontinuity of B, we know that \(E_{0}\subset B\) is also equicontinuous. Therefore, by [8, Lemma 2.4], assumption (H6), we have
Since \(\varUpsilon (E_{0})\subset B\) is bounded and equicontinuous, we know from [8, Lemma 2.3] that
Therefore, from (3.1), (3.4)–(3.6), we know that
Thus, \(\varUpsilon :B\rightarrow B\) is a condensing operator. It follows from [8, Lemma 2.5] that ϒ has at least one fixed point \(w(t_{0})\in B\), which is the mild solution of model (1.1)–(1.3) on the interval \([0,\tau_{1}]\). □
4 Applications
Consider the subsequent initial-boundary value problem of impulsive fractional integro-differential model with RL fractional derivatives:
where \({}^{L}D^{\frac{3}{4}}_{0^{+}}\) is the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives of order \(\frac{3}{4}\), \(0<\frac{3}{4}\leq1\), \(I^{\frac {1}{4}}_{0^{+}} \) is the RL integral of order \(\frac{1}{4}\), \(u_{0}(x)\in \mathbb{H}\). To study this problem, consider \(\mathbb{H}=L^{2}([0,\pi],\mathbb{R})\). Let the operator \(\mathscr{A}\) by \(\mathscr{A}y=y^{\prime\prime}\), with the domain
Then \(\mathscr{A}\) generates a \(c_{0}\) semigroup \(\{\mathbb{T}(t)\}_{t\ge0}\) which is compact, analytic. Besides, \(\mathscr{A}\) can be composed as
where \(e_{n}(x)=\sqrt{\frac{2}{\pi}}\sin nx\), \(0\leq x\leq\pi\), \(n=1,2,\ldots\) , is an orthonormal basis of \(\mathbb{H}\). We have
For each \(y\in \mathbb{H}\),
In specific, \(\|\mathscr{A}^{-\frac{1}{2}}\|=1\). The operator \(\mathscr{A}^{\frac {1}{2}}\) is given by
on the space
From Theorem 2.1, the general solution of impulsive model (4.1)–(4.4) is obtained as follows:
Next, it is verified that equation (4.5) satisfies the condition of system (4.1)–(4.4). Taking the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative to both sides of equation (4.5), we have:
(i) for \(t\in(0,1]\),
(ii) for \(t\in(1,2]\),
So, equation (4.5) satisfies the RL fractional derivative condition of system (4.1)–(4.4). By Definition 2.2, we obtain
That is, equation (4.5) satisfies impulsive condition (4.2). Therefore, clearly equation (4.5) fulfills the following limit case:
So, equation (4.5) is the general solution of system (4.1)–(4.3). Characterize the administrators \(\mathscr{L}, \mathscr{D}, \mathscr{P}:\mathscr{I}\times \mathbb{H}\rightarrow \mathbb{H}\) and \(q:\mathscr{I}\rightarrow \mathbb{H}\) by
Then the impulsive fractional differential system (4.1)–(4.4) can be converted into the abstract form problem (1.1)–(1.3). Next, we shall show that hypotheses (H2)–(H5) are satisfied. For this, \(u,v\in PC_{1-\gamma }((0,2],\mathbb{H})\).
-
(i)
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\Vert \mathscr{L}(t,u)-\mathscr{L}(t,v) \bigr\Vert &= \biggl\Vert \frac {2e^{-t}u}{1+u}- \frac {2e^{-t}v}{1+v} \biggr\Vert \\ &=2e^{-t} \biggl\Vert \frac{u}{1+u}-\frac{v}{1+v} \biggr\Vert \\ &=2e^{-t}\frac{\|u-v\|}{(1+u)(1+v)} \\ &\leq2\|u-v\|. \end{aligned}$$
Hypothesis (H2) holds if \(N_{\mathscr{L}}=2\).
-
(ii)
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\Vert \mathscr{P}(t,u)-\mathscr{P}(t,v) \bigr\Vert &= \biggl\Vert \frac {e^{t}}{5+u}-\frac{e^{t}}{5+v} \biggr\Vert \\ &=e^{t}\frac{\|u-v\|}{(5+u)(5+v)} \\ &\leq\frac{e}{25}\|u-v\|. \end{aligned}$$
If \(N_{\mathscr{L}}=\frac{e}{25}\), condition (H3) is satisfied.
-
(iii)
Choose \(\beta=\frac{1}{2}\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\Vert (\mathscr{A})^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathscr{D}(t,u)-(\mathscr{A})^{\frac{1}{2}}\mathscr{D}(t,v) \bigr\Vert &= \int^{t}_{0}e^{2s} \biggl\Vert \frac{u}{1+u}-\frac{v}{1+v} \biggr\Vert \,ds \\ &=\frac{e^{2t}-1}{2}\frac{\|u-v\|}{(1+u)(1+v)} \\ &\leq\frac{e-1}{2}\|u-v\|. \end{aligned}$$Here, condition (H4) holds with \(N_{\mathscr{P}}=\frac{e-1}{2}\).
-
(iv)
Finally,
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\Vert I_{k}\bigl(u\bigl(1^{-}\bigr)\bigr)-I_{k}\bigl(u \bigl(1^{-}\bigr)\bigr) \bigr\Vert &= \biggl\Vert \sin\biggl(\frac{1}{7} \bigl\Vert u\bigl(1^{-},x\bigr) \bigr\Vert \biggr)-\sin\biggl( \frac{1}{7}\bigl\| v\bigl(1^{-},x\bigr)\bigr\| \biggr) \biggr\Vert \\ &= \biggl\Vert \sin\biggl(\frac{1}{7}u \biggr)-\sin\biggl( \frac {1}{7}u \biggr) \biggr\Vert \\ &\leq\frac{1}{7}\|u-v\|. \end{aligned}$$And
$$\begin{aligned} \bigl\Vert I_{k}(u) \bigr\Vert &= \biggl\Vert \sin\biggl( \frac{1}{7} \bigl\Vert u\bigl(1^{-},x\bigr) \bigr\Vert \biggr) \biggr\Vert \\ &\leq\frac{1}{7}\|u\|. \end{aligned}$$From (iv), we notice that hypothesis (H5) holds with \(d_{i}=N_{I}=\frac{1}{7}\).
Let \(t\in \mathscr{I}\), then we have
$$ q^{*}=\sup_{t\in \mathscr{I}} \int^{t}_{0} \bigl\vert q(t-s) \bigr\vert \,ds= \int^{t}_{0} e^{t-s}\,ds=e^{t}-1 \leq e-1. $$
Therefore, all the conditions of Theorem 3.1 are verified. Hence, problem (4.1)–(4.4) has a solution in \((0,2]\).
5 Conclusion
In this manuscript, we have studied the local existence for an impulsive fractional neutral integro-differential system with Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives in a Banach space. More precisely, by utilizing the semigroup theory, fractional powers of operators, and condensing fixed point theorem, we investigate the impulsive fractional neutral integro-differential system in a Banach space. To validate the obtained theoretical results, an example is analyzed. The fractional differential equations are very efficient to describe real life phenomena; thus, it is essential to extend the present study to establish the other qualitative and quantitative properties such as stability and approximate controllability.
There are two direct issues which require further study. First, we will investigate the global existence of a mild solution to impulsive fractional semilinear integro-differential equations with noncompact semigroup. Secondly, we will be devoted to studying the approximate controllability of impulsive fractional neutral integro-differential systems with Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives in a Banach space both in the case of a noncompact operator and a normal topological space.
References
Agarwal, P., Belmekki, M., Benchohra, M.: A survey on semilinear differential equations and inclusions involving Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2009, Article ID 981728 (2009)
Baleanu, D., Machado, T., Luo, J.: Fractional Dynamics and Control. Springer, New York (2012)
Banas, J., Goebel, K.: Measure of Noncompactness in Banach Spaces. Lecture Notes in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 60. Dekker, New York (1980)
Chaddha, A., Pandey, N.: Existence results for an impulsive neutral integro-differential equation with infinite delay via fractional operators. Malaya J. Mat. 2(3), 204–214 (2014)
Chaudhary, R., Pandey, N.: Existence results for nonlinear fractional differential equation with nonlocal integral boundary conditions. Malaya J. Mat. 4(3), 392–403 (2016)
Deimling, K.: Nonlinear Functional Analysis. Springer, New York (1985)
Gautam, R., Dabas, J.: Mild solution for fractional functional integro-differential equation with not instantaneous impulse. Malaya J. Mat. 2(4), 428–437 (2014)
Gou, H., Li, B.: Local and global existence of mild solution to impulsive fractional semilinear integro-differential equation with noncompact semigroup. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 42, 204–214 (2017)
Heymans, N., Podlubny, I.: Physical interpretation of initial conditions for fractional differential equations with Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives. Rheol. Acta 45, 765–771 (2006)
Ibrahim, R., Elagan, K.: On solutions for classes of fractional differential equations. Malaya J. Mat. 2(4), 411–418 (2014)
Kilbas, A., Srivastava, M., Trujillo, J.: Theory and Applications of Fractional Differential Equations. Elsevier, Amesterdam (2006)
Liu, H., Li, W.: Existence and uniqueness of solutions for the nonlinear impulsive fractional differential equations. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 18, 1362–1373 (2013)
Liu, H., Li, W.: On the controllability of impulsive fractional evolution inclusions in Banach spaces. J. Optim. Theory Appl. 156, 167–182 (2013)
Liu, H., Li, W.: Existence and uniqueness of solutions for the nonlinear impulsive fractional differential equations. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 18, 1362–1373 (2013)
Liu, H., Sun, H., Szanto, I.: Monotone iterative technique for Riemann–Liouville fractional integro-differential equations with advanced arguments. Results Math. 63, 1277–1287 (2013)
Liu, L., Lv, Y.: Existence results for Riemann–Liouville fractional neutral evolution equations. Adv. Differ. Equ. 2014, 83 (2014)
Liu, X., Liu, Z., Bin, M.: Approximate controllability of impulsive fractional neutral evolution equations with Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives. J. Comput. Anal. Appl. 17(3), 468–485 (2014)
Liu, Z., Bin, M.: Approximate controllability of impulsive Riemann–Liouville fractional equations in Banach spaces. J. Integral Equ. Appl. 26(4), 527–551 (2014)
Liu, Z., Li, X.: Approximate controllability of fractional evolution systems with Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives. SIAM J. Control Optim. 53(1), 1920–1933 (2015)
Ouali, A., Kandouci, A.: Existence of mild solutions result for fractional neutral stochastic integro-differential equations with nonlocal conditions and infinite delay. Malaya J. Mat. 3(1), 1–13 (2015)
Pazy, A.: Semigroups of Linear Operators and Applications to Partial Differential Equations. Springer, New York (1983)
Podlubny, I.: Fractional Differential Equations. Academic Press, New York (1999)
Selvarasu, S., Kalamani, P., Mallika Arjunan, M.: Approximate controllability of nonlocal impulsive fractional neutral stochastic integro-differential equations with state-dependent delay in Hilbert spaces. Malaya J. Mat. 4(4), 571–598 (2016)
Shu, B., Xu, F.: The existence of solutions for impulsive fractional partial neutral differential equations. J. Math. 2013, Article ID 147193 (2013)
Wang, R., Zhou, Y.: Existence and controllability results for fractional semilinear differential inclusions. Nonlinear Anal., Real World Appl. 12(6), 3642–3653 (2011)
Wang, R., Zhou, Y., Feckan, M.: Abstract Cauchy problem for fractional differential equations. Nonlinear Dyn. 71, 685–700 (2013)
Yang, M., Wang, Q.: Approximate controllability of Riemann–Liouville fractional differential inclusions. Appl. Math. Comput. 274, 267–281 (2016)
Zhang, X., Ding, W., Peng, H., Liu, Z., Shu, T.: The general solution of impulsive systems with Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives. Open Math. 14, 1125–1137 (2016)
Zhou, Y.: Basic Theory of Fractional Differential Equations. World Scientific, Singapore (2014)
Zhou, Y., Jiao, F.: Existence of mild solutions for fractional neutral evolution equations. Comput. Math. Appl. 59, 1063–1077 (2010)
Zhou, Y., Jiao, F., Li, J.: Existence and uniqueness for fractional neutral differential equations with infinite delay. Nonlinear Anal. 71, 3249–3256 (2009)
Zhou, Y., Zhang, L., Shen, H.: Existence of mild solutions for fractional evolution equations. J. Integral Equ. Appl. 25, 557–585 (2013)
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the anonymous referees for their constructive comments and helpful suggestions.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Funding
Not applicable.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors have equal contributions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Palaniyappan Kalamani and Mani Mallika Arjunan contributed equally to this work.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Kalamani, P., Baleanu, D. & Mallika Arjunan, M. Local existence for an impulsive fractional neutral integro-differential system with Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives in a Banach space. Adv Differ Equ 2018, 416 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-018-1866-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13662-018-1866-6