Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing–remitting disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, and for patients with long-standing colonic inflammation, colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRC) is a recognized complication, leading to routine periodic surveillance of patients with colitis for dysplasia and carcinoma. One meta-analysis estimated that the risk of colitis associated carcinoma (CAC) in patients with IBD is 2% by 10 years after initial diagnosis, and increases to 8% at 20 years and 18% at 30 years after colitis onset [1]. However more recent figures are lower than this, likely the results of better treatment reducing the risk [2, 3].

Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), a wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family (Wnt) target gene that functions as a receptor for Wnt agonist R-spondins (RSPOs). It was identified as a selective marker of crypt base columnar cells, and these LGR5-positive crypt base columnar cells were demonstrated to be self-renewing, multipotent adult intestinal stem cells [4]. Increased LGR5 expression in human sporadic colorectal adenomas and cancers [5,6,7,8] and in murine models [9, 10] have been well described, however, the LGR5 expression profile has not been described in a series of CAC in human.

Recent studies have highlighted genetic, morphologic, and immunohistochemical differences between CAC and sporadic CRC, and suggested that chronic inflammation may lead to unique genomic changes that increase the risk for CAC [11, 12]. Carcinogenic mutations probably first start accumulating in the long-lived stem cell lineages of the crypt, as the lifespan of non-stem cells is too short for them to acquire the necessary mutations before being shed.

To our knowledge, a comparison of LGR5 expression in CAC and sporadic CRC has not been performed. Here, a series of CAC cases was compared with sporadic CRC for morphologic features and the expression of LGR5.

Methods

Study approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Board at Mount Sinai Hospital.

Thirty cases of surgically resected colitis associated primary colorectal adenocarcinoma from 29 patients between 2011 and 2016 were retrieved from the surgical pathology archives at Sinai Health System. Patients who underwent neoadjuvant therapy were excluded. 10 cases of surgically resected primary CRC from patients without inflammatory bowel disease or any known hereditary cancer syndrome, hence forth termed sporadic CRC were identified as a control group. All H&E sections were reviewed at a multiheaded microscope by four gastrointestinal pathologists (MI, HO, RR, and JC) and each invasive carcinoma was subclassified by consensus into one of five morphologic subtypes: conventional, mucinous, serrated, low grade tubuloglandular (LGTG) and others [13].

One representative paraffin block of tumor was selected in each case for RNA in situ hybridization (ISH). Detection of LGR5 mRNA was performed using the RNAscope® kit (Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Hayward, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions using unstained sample tissue slides. Briefly, tissue sections were pretreated by heating and protease application prior to hybridization with an LGR5-specific probe. A detailed procedure has been described in an earlier publication [14].

Formalin fixation -paraffin embedding and preservation of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues were performed according to College of American pathologists protocol (https://documents.cap.org/documents/practical-guide-specimen-handling.pdf). RNA-ISH was performed immediately after cutting sections from FFPE blocks. Positive staining was indicated by brown punctate dots in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm. The expression level of LGR5 was quantified according to the five-grade scoring system previously described [8]: 0 = no staining or less than one dot per cell; 1 = 1 to 3 dots per cell; 2 = 4 to 10 dots per cell and no or very few dot clusters; 3 = > 10 dots per cell and < 10% positive cells overall; and 4 = > 10 dots per cell and > 10% positive cells with dot clusters. For a binary analysis, LGR5 status was considered positive if the ISH score was > 2. (Fig. 1) [15] Immunohistochemical staining was performed using commercially available antibodies with the immuno-enzyme polymer method (Novolink Polymer Detection Systems for beta-catenin, Leica, Germany or Histofine Simple Stain MAX PO Multi for SATB2, Nichirei Biosciences, Tokyo, Japan) with 3, 3′-diaminobenzidone as the chromogen. The primary antibodies were used in accordance with the manufacturers’ instructions: beta-catenin (clone: EP35, EPITOMICS, Burlingame, California USA) and SATB2 (clone: EPNCIR130A, abcam, Cambridge, UK). Beta-catenin nuclear staining was classified as negative or scattered; no or very few scattered positive cells without any clusters, focal; positive cells clustered in focal areas, diffuse; positive cells distributed diffusely, homogeneously or heterogeneously in accordance with the previous study [16]. The extent of staining for SATB2 was scored semiquantitatively (no staining; < 5%; 5–25%; 26–50%; 51–75%; and 76–100%), and the maximum intensity was graded as negative, weak, moderate, or strong. For binary analyses, cases with 5% or more tumor cells showing moderate or strong intensity were considered positive [13].

Fig. 1
figure 1

LGR5 expression level was quantified according to the five-grade scoring system: score 2; a few dots per cell and no or very few dot; LGR5 negative (a), score 3; > 10 dots per cell and < 10% positive cells overall; LGR5 positive, (b, c), and score 4; > 10 dots per cell and > 10% positive cells; LGR5 positive (d)

Full size image

Two of the authors (MI and JC) reviewed the RNA-ISH stains, and two of the authors (MI and HO) reviewed the immunohistochemical stains at a multiheaded microscope and reached a consensus score for each case.

Statistics

Chi-square test or Fisher exact tests were used to characterize the relationship between categorical variables. Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared test and Mann–Whitney U-test were used for comparisons between LGR5 expression level scores. Staining scores are non-parametric and are thus expressed as a median score with the interquartile range. Differences were considered to be significant at p < 0.05. All statistical analyses were performed with EZR (Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan), which is a graphical user interface for R (The R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

Results

The 29 patients with CAC included 18 with ulcerative colitis and 11 with Crohn’s disease. One patient with ulcerative colitis had synchronous carcinomas for a total of 30 tumors evaluated. A summary of the clinicopathologic features of the CAC cohort and sporadic controls is presented in Table 1. The median age at time of resection for patients with CAC was 54 years (range 26–76), significantly younger than sporadic cases (median age 67 years; range 40–95) (p = 0.017). CACs had a wider spectrum of tumor morphologies compared to sporadic CRCs. Only twelve of 30 (40%) CACs had conventional morphology compared to 80% of sporadic cases. None of sporadic cases were classified as LGTG. The one CAC case subclassified as “other” showed fetal enteric and hepatoid differentiation.

Table 1 Clinicopathologic features of study group patients
Full size table

Adjacent non-neoplastic colonic mucosa was examined as an internal control for LGR5 expression. In all cases, there were measurable brown dots in the base of crypts in control areas. LGR5 was positive in 30% (9/30) of CAC cases (median 2.0, interquartile range 1.00–3.00) and 90% (9/10) of sporadic CRCs (median 4.0, interquartile range 3.00–4.00) (p = 0.002). In CACs, the distribution of LGR5 expression was heterogenous in the overlying mucosa and in some cases, overlying or adjacent dysplasia showed higher expression than the invasive component. An abrupt transition to LGR5 expression was identified in the CAC or dysplasia component in some cases. (Fig. 2) A large majority (89%) of LGR5 positive CAC cases were of the conventional histologic type, while morphologies were much more variable in the LGR5 negative CAC cases. (Fig. 2) In conventional type CACs, eight of 12 cases (67%) were LGR5 positive (median 3.0; interquartile range 1.75–3.25) and in contrast, only one of 18 (6%) non-conventional type CACs (one with serrated morphology) was LGR5 positive (median 1.5; interquartile range 1.00–2.00) (p < 0.001). Conventional type CAC showed a significantly higher level of LGR5 expression than non-conventional type CAC (p = 0.034). Conventional type CACs showed a lower level of LGR5 expression than sporadic CRCs, but this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.221), whereas, expression level of LGR5 in non-conventional type CACs was significantly lower compared to sporadic CRCs (p < 0.001). (Fig. 3).

Fig. 2
figure 2

LGR5 expression in colitis associated adenocarcinoma (CAC). CAC with conventional morphology (a) often showed diffuse and strong LGR5 expression (b and c: high power view; score 4), however a few invasive glands adjacent to the LGR5 positive area were LGR5 negative. No morphological differences between these areas was apparent (d). An LGR5 positive invasive component (e) showed nuclear translocation of beta-catenin (f). A high grade mucinous CAC had adjacent dysplasia with focal adenomatous morphology (g). The mucinous component was negative for LGR5 (h); however, nuclear translocation of beta catenin was identified (i). Adjacent dysplasia with adenomatous morphology showed strong LGR5 expression (l) and nuclear expression of beta catenin (m)

Full size image
Fig. 3
figure 3

Expression level of LGR5 in control sporadic colorectal adenocarcinoma, conventional type colitis associated adenocarcinoma and non-conventional type colitis associated adenocarcinoma. *P = 0.034, ***P < 0.001

Full size image

In CACs, LGR5 expression was associated with nuclear beta catenin expression, but not with SATB2 expression; only two of 21 (10%) LGR5 negative CACs showed diffuse nuclear beta-catenin expression, while 6 of 9 (67%) LGR5 positive CACs showed diffuse nuclear-beta catenin expression (p = 0.003). Eleven of 30 CACs (37%) retained SATB2 expression and the expression rate was 33 and 44% in LGR5 positive CACs and LGR5 negative CACs, respectively (p = 0.687).

LGR5 positive CACs were more likely to be located in the rectum (p = 0.032). There was no significant difference in pT stage, pN stage, IBD phenotype, age, or sex between LGR5 positive CACs and negative CACs. (Table 2).

Table 2 Clinicopathologic Features of LGR5 positive CACs and LGR5 negative CACs
Full size table

Discussion

Here, we evaluated the LGR5 expression profile of 30 CAC cases and 10 sporadic CRC cases and identified that LGR5 was less frequently expressed in CACs than in sporadic CRCs. Further, we found CAC with non-conventional morphology showed significantly lower LGR5 expression levels and nuclear translocation of beta-catenin than the conventional subtype of CAC.

LGR5 has been considered one of the most reliable crypt stem cell markers of CRCs, particularly those that arise through the APC-mutant pathway of tumorigenesis [9]. LGR5 is reportedly overexpressed in human colorectal adenomas and cancers by immunohistochemistry [6, 17, 18] and ISH [15], and Martin et al. showed that the mRNA levels of LGR5 expressed in human CRCs is 10-fold expanded than normal intestinal crypt [19]. Jang et al. recently showed that LGR5 mRNA positivity is observed in 68% of 788 human CRCs and suggested positive correlation with the chromosomal-instability pathway (characterized by left-sided location and nuclear β-catenin expression; representing an abnormal Wnt signal activation) and negative correlation with MSI, CIMP-high, and BRAF mutations [15]. In accordance with these findings, we found positive LGR5 expression in 90% of our sporadic CRC control group. However, only 30% of CAC were LGR5 positive. The latter finding is in agreement with the previous study by Yasuda et al. reporting significantly less expression of reliable intestinal stem cell markers such as CD133 [20], OCT4 [21] and NANOG [22] in CAC than sporadic CRC [23]. The molecular pathogenesis of CAC is different than that of sporadic CRCs with genomic changes that appear directly linked to the effects of ongoing inflammation and repeated mucosal injury in the IBD [11, 12]. In keeping with this, we recently reported CAC tends to show non-conventional tumor morphology and loose intestinal markers such as SATB2 and CDX2, and show aberrant gastric mucin expression [13], Ishibashi et al. described the expression profile of Atonal homolog-1 (ATOH1), a master transcription factor of the secretory lineage of intestinal epithelial cells, which retain their potential to revert to intestinal stem cells [24,25,26] in colitic mucosa. They identified both ATOH1 and LGR5 double positive tumor cells as well as LGR5 single positive tumor cells, suggesting that colitic tumors are mosaic and consisted of a heterogenous population of tumor stem cell [27]. Our data also support this interpretation given the heterogeneous distribution of LGR5 expression in the dysplastic and invasive components of some cases. While the exact mechanism of decreased LGR5 expression in CAC is uncertain, these data demonstrate that CACs have a unique expression profile of intestinal stem cell markers.

We found that despite only 40% of CACs in our cohort showing a conventional morphology, 89% of LGR5 positive CAC were conventional in appearance. These also tended to be located in the rectum and associated with nuclear beta-catenin staining. This raises the possibility that the minority of CACs in our cohort that showed conventional morphology might have arisen through the conventional APC pathway. However, as the majority of tumors had non-conventional morphology and were also LGR5 negative, our data provide support to other recent studies demonstrating that most CAC cases do not arise through the conventional APC pathway [12, 28]. Although it did not reach statistical significance, conventional type CACs trended toward a lower level of LGR5 expression compared to the control group of sporadic CRCs. Thus, even in tumors arising through more conventional molecular pathways in the setting of colitis, LGR5 expression might be affected by ongoing inflammation and repeated mucosal injury. This hypothesis is supported by other studies showing that Lgr5+ stem cells are highly sensitive to epithelial injury induced by radiation or colitis [27, 29, 30].

Our results in human cancers do not entirely align with previous data from animal models of colitis. Kim et al. reported increased Lgr5 expression in an AOM / DSS - colitis mouse model. They showed that Lgr5 expression is gradually increased as tumors developed with repeated colitis and reported all dysplastic lesions and cancers showed high Lgr5 expression [10]. This discrepancy could be due to differences between human CAC and the murine model. Interestingly, the figure showing tumor morphology in their report shows a more conventional morphology, implying that the murine model may simulate the carcinogenesis pathway in the conventional type of human CAC.

Data regarding any potential prognostic significance of LGR5 expression in sporadic CRC are mixed. Recent studies using RNA-ISH for LGR5 evaluation reported that LGR5 expression is an independent predictor of favorable outcome in CRCs [15, 31]. On the contrary, a previous meta-analyses of immunohistochemical studies of LGR5 expression showed that high LGR5 expression is associated with shorter overall survival and disease free survival [32, 33].

Kazama et al. described the immunohistochemical expression profile of LGR5 in ulcerative colitis cases and showed increased LGR5 expression in dysplasia and CAC [34]. This result is contrary to our present study, but may be due to the different methods of LGR5 detection, as the reliability of antibodies against LGR5 remains uncertain [35, 36], and most recent studies have used ISH to detect LGR5 expression.

One limitation of our cohort is the limited number of cases and the unavailability of clinical follow up data as well as further molecular analysis. Additional studies using a larger cohort will be needed to determine the relationship between LGR5 expression and clinical prognosis in human CACs.

Conclusion

Unlike sporadic CRC, LGR5 expression, along with nuclear beta-catenin expression is infrequent in CAC, particularly those with non-conventional morphology. It is more commonly expressed in CAC with conventional morphology and in tumors located in the rectum, indicating that a limited subset of CACs may arise through the conventional APC pathway. While the precise mechanisms for the low frequency of LGR5 expression in CAC remains undefined, the wider spectrum of tumor morphology in CAC may be associated with absence of a LGR5-expressing intestinal stem cell phenotype.