Background

In many regions of the world, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production is seriously threatened by abiotic stresses such as frequent drought and salinity [1]. Plant drought tolerance is a complex response and involves the comprehensive interactions of numerous genes, proteins and metabolites in plant cells. Systematic analysis of the plant cell network responsible for drought stress tolerance is a promising approach for the development of drought tolerant plants [1, 2]. Protein phosphorylation is involved in regulation of various cellular activities in plants and one of the main signals mediating the responses to environmental stresses [3,4,5,6,7]. The SnRKs (sucrose non-fermenting 1 related protein kinase) are a gene family coding for Ser/Thr protein kinases and play important roles in linking abiotic stress tolerance and the metabolic responses of plants [8,9,10]. Based on sequence similarity, domain structure and metabolic roles, the plant SnRK family is divided into three subfamilies: SnRK1, SnRK2 and SnRK3. Many studies have demonstrated that these three subfamilies play various roles in the metabolism and development of plants. SnRK1 plays an important role in regulating carbon metabolism and energy conversion in plants [11, 12], while SnRK3 is involved in plant development, calcium-responsive regulatory loop and abscisic acid (ABA) sensitivity. SnRK2 members are the major players in plant responses to osmotic stresses [13,14,15,16], ABA dependent and independent stomatal closure-opening [17], fruit development [18], seed dormancy [19] and germination [20, 21].

Since the first SnRK2 (PKABA1) gene was identified in wheat [22], the members of the SnRK2 subfamily have been subsequently identified in many other plant species such as Arabidopsis [23, 24], rice [25], maize [26], tobacco [27], wheat [28, 29], sorghum [30], soybean [31, 32], barley [33] and grape [34]. In Arabidopsis, nine of the ten SnRK2 members (except for SnRK2.9) can be activated by osmotic stress [13]. Among them, SnRK2.8 and SnRK2.7 play a critical role in regulating the expression of drought-responsive genes [35]. In rice, all the ten SnRK2 members (designated as SAPK1 to SAPK10, stress/ABA-activated protein kinase) are activated by hyperosmotic stress with three of them (SAPK8, SAPK9, and SAPK10) also activated by ABA [25, 36]. In maize, all the ten characterized members of SnRK2 are stress-related [26]. In wheat, osmotic stress and ABA-induced gene expression were linked with the activity of SnRK2 members [28, 29]. However, little is known about the functions of SnRK2s in potato and there is no information on how SnRK2 family genes are involved in the tolerance of potato to osmotic stress.

In this study, we identified and characterized eight SnRK2 genes from the potato genome (named StSnRK2.1, StSnRK2.2, StSnRK2.3, StSnRK2.4, StSnRK2.5, StSnRK2.6, StSnRK2.7 and StSnRK2.8), then analyzed their tissue-specific and stress-induced expression profiles. To better understand their mechanisms underlying improved abiotic stress tolerance of the StSnRK2 gene family, the subcellular localization of StSnRK2 proteins, the expression patterns of the eight SnRK2s gene members and physiological index analysis of potato plantlets responding to ABA (50 μM), NaCl (200 mM) and PEG-6000 (5%) were performed. This study established functions for the potato SnRK2 gene family and provides a foundation for further clarifying the mechanism of potato stress resistance. The results will also provide genetic foundations for developing drought tolerant potato cultivars via manipulating SnRK2 gene family.

Methods

Plant material

One the local main potato cultivars, ‘Longshu 3’ released by Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China, was used in the study. This cultivar is widely grown in northwestern China because of its moderate resistance to low temperatures, drought and salinity. Potato plantlets were propagated in MS medium [37]. A total of 6–8 plantlets were cultured in each 150 ml flask at an illumination intensity of 200 μmol m2 s−1 under the temperature of 23 ± 2 °C with a photoperiod of 16 h/8 h (day/night).

Identification and cloning of potato StSnRK2s

The coding sequences of SnRK2s from Arabidopsis, maize, and rice were obtained through literature and the genbank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) (Additional file 1: Table S1). To identify the SnRK2 genes in potato, we looked for the highly conserved sequences of SnRK2s in the Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium database (http://potatogenome.net/index.php/Main_Page).

To clone the cDNA sequences, total RNA was extracted from the potato plantlets using the RNA simple Total RNA Kit (TIANGEN). The quality and quantity of RNA were measured by both electrophoresis and optical absorbency (Nanophotometer, Implen). The cDNA was synthesized from the total RNA following the instruction of the Kit cDNA MMLV (Sangon). Full-length coding sequences of StSnRK2 genes were amplified via PCR with the primers presented in Additional file 1: Table S2. The PCR products were inserted into pGEM-T easy cloning vector and propagated in Escherichia coli DH5α (Promega) for sequencing and conservation.

Phylogenetic analysis

The SnRK2s from Arabidopsis, rice, maize and potato were aligned using ClustalX1.81 (ftp://ftp-igbmc.u-strasbg.fr/pub/ClustalX). The final view of the alignment was manually adjusted with Jalview (2.07) [38]. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining (NJ) method in MEGA 5 [39]. Bootstrap analysis was performed using 1000 replicates to evaluate the reliability of different phylogenetic groups.

Characterization of StSnRK2 genes and proteins

The genomic sequences were identified from Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium database (http://potatogenome.net/index.php/Main_Page). The gene structures (exon and intron) were analyzed with splign (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sutils/splign) [40]. The promoter sequences were identified about 2 kb upstream of the transcription start site of each gene, and the abiotic stress-associated elements (ABRE, DRE/CRT, and LTRE) were obtained from the PLACE database (http://www.dna.affrc.go.jp/) [41]. The secondary structure of the deduced polypeptide was predicted using the programs of SOPMA which listed in Expasy (www.EXPASY.org)

Subcellular localization of StSnRK2s

To determine the subcellular localization of the StSnRK2s, full-length of StSnRK2s were inserted into the KpnI/BamHI site of the pEBGFP vector to generate pEBGFP-StSnRK2. For transient expression in onion epidermal cells, the pEBGFP and pEBGFP-StSnRK2s plasmids and the constructs were introduced into onion epidermal cells using Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation methods. Onion epidermal tissues were subsequently incubated on solid MS medium in the dark at 26 °C for 48 h. Localization of fluorescent proteins in onion epidermal cells was observed by a Zeiss LSM 710/ConfoCor2 laser-scanning imaging system (CarlZeiss, Jena, Germany). Fluorescence was detected between 505 and 550 nm with excitation at 488 nm. GFP fluorescence and light field vision were recorded in separate channels and then merged into an overlay image.

Expression profile of StSnRK2s in potato plants

Four-week old potato in vitro plantlets were transferred into liquid MS medium supplemented with either 50 μM ABA, 200 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) or 5% polyethyleneglycol (PEG-6000) to investigate the expression patterns of StSnRK2s under different stress-conditions. After incubation 24 h, the leaves were harvested and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen for RNA extraction. Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted with SYBR Green I technology (TaKaRa), the ef1α gene (AB061263) was used as internal control gene, the gene primers presented in Additional file 1: Table S2 and the relative quantification of RNA expression was selected. Three independent replicates were performed for each experiment. In each case, ten test tubes containing six to eight explants represented each treatment. For quantification, a no-template control, calibration curve and non-specific reactions were run in triplicate. The 2-△△Ct method (Ct, Cycle threshold value of target gene) was selected to calculate the gene expression folds; The formulas are as follows [42, 43]:

$$ \triangle {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{t}\ \mathrm{Test}\ \mathrm{gene}}={\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{t}\ \mathrm{Test}\ \mathrm{gene}}-{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{t}\ \mathrm{Housekeeping}\ \mathrm{gene}} $$
$$ \triangle {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{t}\ \mathrm{Control}\ \mathrm{gene}}={\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{t}\ \mathrm{Control}\ \mathrm{gene}}-{\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{t}\ \mathrm{Housekeeping}\ \mathrm{gene}}, $$

where control gene refers to those genes that were treated with only water.

$$ -\triangle \triangle {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{t}}=-\left(\triangle {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{t}\ \mathrm{Test}\ \mathrm{gene}}-\triangle {\mathrm{C}}_{\mathrm{t}\ \mathrm{Control}\ \mathrm{gene}}\right) $$

Gene expression fold (Test gene/Control gene) = 2− △ △Ct.

Total soluble sugar and proline content assay

In vitro plantlets treated in the same manner as for gene expression analysis were sampled for total soluble sugar and proline content assay under different stress conditions. The total soluble sugar content in the leaves was measured by the method of Zhang et al. [44]. The total soluble sugar was extracted from 100 mg potato leaves in boiling water and the supernatant was mixed with 80% ethanol to a final volume of 25 ml. Then, 2 mL of solution was mixed with 5 mL of anthrone reagent and the mixture was incubated at room temperature (18–30 °C) for 15 min. The absorbance was at 630 nm (UV-2600, Shomadzu) and the sugar concentration was determined from a glucose standard curve and expressed on a fresh weight base.

Proline content was assayed by the acid-ninhydrin procedure [45]. Potato leaf samples (0.5 g) were ground with 3% sulphosalicylic acid (10 mL). After centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 min, supernatant (2 mL) was mixed with the same volume of acidninhydrin and acetic acid, the mixture was incubated at 100 °C for 1 h, and the reaction was stopped on ice. The mixture was extracted with 4 mL toluene and absorbance at 517 nm was determined (UV-2600, Shimadzu). The proline concentration was determined from a standard curve and expressed on a fresh weight base.

Statistical analysis

Gene expression, total soluble sugar, and proline assays were performed with three replicates and were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows (SPSS version 17.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). Mean comparisons were performed using Tukey’s multiple range test and the significance between different treatments was presented at the P < 0.05 probability level.

Results

Identification of StSnRK2 members in potato

A genome-wide search using SnRK2 cDNA sequences of Arabidopsis, maize and rice as references to identify the eight SnRK2 homologous sequences in potato genome (Solanum tuberosum group Phureja DM1–3). The gene-specific primers were designed to clone the eight SnRK2s homologous cDNA from the potato cultivar ‘Longshu 3’. The candidate sequences coding potato SnRK2s ranged from 1008 bp to 1089 bp (Table 1). The eight sequences were designated as StSnRK2.1, StSnRK2.2 to StSnRK2.8 and the confirmed full length cDNA were submitted to NCBI. The length of the predicted coding sequences of potato SnRK2s ranged from 37.7 4 kDa to 41.5 kDa. The protein length varied from 335 (StSnRK2.1) to 362 amino acids (StSnRK2.3). The protein length and the molecular weight of StSnRK2s were similar to SnRK2 members reported in Arabidopsis, rice and maize (Table 1, Additional file 2: Figure S1) [14].

Table 1 The basic properties and characteristics of StSnRK2 genes in potato
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Based on the potato genome sequence, StSnRK2 genes were located on different chromosomes (Table 1) with StSnRK2.1 and StSnRK2.5 on chromosome 4, StSnRK2.3 and StSnRK2.4 on chromosome 1, and StSnRK2.2, StSnRK2.6, StSnRK2.7 and StSnRK2.8 on chromosomes 8, 5, 12 and 11, respectively.

Gene and protein structures of StSnRK2s

All StSnRK2s had nine exons except for StSnRK2.6 with seven exons (Fig. 1), and the first exon was around 120 bp except for StSnRK2.3 with a 177 bp first exon. The seven genes with nine exons had highly conserved exon lengths, with the length of the second through the eighth exons 75 bp, 102 bp, 54 bp, 93 bp, 93 bp, 105 bp and 99 bp, respectively. StSnRK2.6 had seven exons, and the length of the second exon showed a possible combination of the second to fourth conserved exons of the other StSnRK2 genes. The predicted secondary structure of proteins suggested that eight StSnRK proteins might share a high degree of similarity (Table 2).

Fig. 1
figure 1

Gene structures of StSnRK2s in potato. Introns and exons were represented by lines and filled boxes, respectively. The numbers above the exons indicate the length (bp) of the exons

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Table 2 The secondary structure of StSnRK2 protein sequences. The secondary structure of the deduced polypeptide was predicted using the programs of SOPMA which listed in Expasy (www.EXPASY.org)
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Phylogenetic analysis of StSnRK2

The N-termini of StSnRK2s were almost identical, but the C-terminal regions were highly divergent (ranging from 261 to 327 aa) (Fig. 2). All StSnRK2s had a conserved Ser/Thr protein kinase domain in the N-terminal (4 to 260 aa). Multiple alignment analysis based on the full length amino acid sequences of 37 SnRK2s was conducted to understand the evolutionary relationship between StSnRK2s and other reported SnRK2s. An unrooted phylogenetic tree was constructed with the amino acid sequences, using the neighbor-joining method (Fig. 3 and Additional file 2: Figure S2). The results demonstrated that SnRK2s are highly conserved in the plant kingdom. StSnRK2s were related to each other and could be divided into three distinct groups. The StSnRK2.1, StSnRK2.2, StSnRK2.5, StSnRK2.7 and StSnRK2.8 belonged to group I, StSnRK2.4 and StSnRK2.6 to group II and StSnRK2.3 alone to group III.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Alignment of the amino acid sequences of StSnRK2s. Identical amino acid residues are covered by black, similar residues are indicated by gray and the gaps in the sequences are indicated by dashes

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Fig. 3
figure 3

A phylogenetic tree constructed with CluxtalX1.8 using the SnRK2s full length amino acid sequence from potato, Arabidopsis, rice and maize. The bootstrap analysis was performed using 1000 replicates in MEGA (5.0) to evaluate the reliability of different phylogenetic groups

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Subcellular localization of StSnRK2 proteins

To better understand the functions of StSnRK2, we transiently expressed pBEGFP-StSnRK2 fusion proteins in onion epidermal cells (Fig. 4). The epidermal cells were transformed with the 35S: GFP observed with fluorescence microscopy. Transiently expressed GFP-StSnRK2 fusion proteins were all detected in the nucleus or cytoplasm of onion epidermal cells. The fluorescence of GFP fused with StSnRK2.1, StSnRK2.2, StSnRK2.6, StSnRK2.7, and StSnRK2.8 was detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of onion epidermal cells. On the other hand, StSnRK2.3 and StSnRK2.4 are mainly associated to the nucleus, while StSnRK2.5 seems to be associated to subcellular organelles.

Fig. 4
figure 4

pBEGFP-StSnRK2 protein targeted to nucleus and cytoplasm in onion epidermal cells. The pEBGFP and pEBGFP-StSnRK2s plasmids were introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 and were used for transformation into onion epidermal cells. Onion epidermal tissues were subsequently incubated on MS solid nutrient medium in the dark at 26 °C for 48 h. Localization of fluorescent proteins in onion epidermal cells were observed by a Zeiss LSM 710/ConfoCor2 laser-scanning imaging system (CarlZeiss, Jena, Germany). Fluorescence was detected between 505 and 550 nm with excitation at 488 nm. GFP fluorescence and light field vision were recorded in separate channels and then merged into an overlay image. Bar = 50 μm

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Tissue-specific expression of StSnRK2 genes

The relative expressions of the eight StSnRK2 genes varied among tissues (root, leaf, stem and tuber) (Fig. 5). StSnRK2.1, StSnRK2.2, StSnRK2.5 and StSnRK2.6 were highest expressed in root. In contrast, the expression levels of StSnRK2.3, StSnRK 2.7 and StSnRK 2.8 in leaf and stem were significantly higher than those in root (P < 0.05). StSnRK2.4 expression in leaf, stem and tuber were significantly higher than that in root. The expressions of StSnRK2.1, StSnRK2.2, StSnRK2.5, StSnRK2.6, StSnRK2.7 and StSnRK2.8 were lower in tubers than those in root.

Fig. 5
figure 5

Results are presented as differential relative transcript abundance of StSnRK2.1 to StSnRK2.8 in different tissues; data represent the means ± SD of three replicates and different letters indicate significant difference at P < 0.05. Total RNA was extracted from 60-day-old plants. Y-axis showed the transcript fold to that in roots

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Stress-induced expression of StSnRK2s and physiological responses of potato plants

Potato plantlets were treated with H2O (Control), ABA (50 μM), NaCl (200 mM) and PEG-6000 (5%). The total soluble sugar and proline contents were analyzed after 0 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h. The results indicated that ABA (50 μM), NaCl (200 mM) and PEG-6000 (5%) treatments increased the total soluble sugar and proline with prolonging of treatments (Additional file 2: Figure S3). The relative gene expression of StSnRKs was analyzed using qRT-PCR. The results showed that the expression of all genes rose firstly after NaCl treatment, but different genes showed different responses to the stress condition (Fig. 6). StSnRK2.1 and StSnRK2.7 were similar and had their relative expression levels were highest at 12 h after subjected to the stress. Their expression levels gradually declined after 12 h, but StSnRK2.1 had less reduction, and was significantly higher at 48 h, while StSnRK2.7 declined greatest. The StSnRK2.2, StSnRK2.4 and StSnRK2.6 had similar expression trends. The relative expression levels of StSnRK2.5 and StSnRK2.8 increased rapidly after 2 h of treatments, and then began to fall to the levels lower than the control after the 6 h, and remained at a relatively low expression. The relative expression level of StSnRK2.3 increased significantly 4 h after the stress, then began to decrease, but remained significantly high from 6 to 24 h and fell to the control level after 48 h of treatments, possibly indicating they have various signaling pathways.

Fig. 6
figure 6

The differential relative transcript expression level of StSnRK2.1 to StSnRK2.8 under 200 mM NaCl stress treatments; data represent the means ± SD of three replicates and different letters indicate significant difference at P < 0.05. Total RNA was extracted from four-week-old plants subjected to 200 mM NaCl stress treatments for 2–48 h. Y-axis showed the transcript fold to that in the CK

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Under PEG (5%) treatment, the relative expression of StSnRK2.1, StSnRK2.2 and StSnRK2.3 rapidly rose after 2 h–4 h of treatment, and remained a relative stable level until 48 h (Fig. 7). StSnRK2.1 relative expression increased significantly after 4 h, but the relative expression levels of StSnRK2.2 and StSnRK2.3 increased rapidly after 2 h of treatment. The relative expression levels of StSnRK2.4 and StSnRK2.5 rose rapidly, about five times of the control and reached a peak at 2 h of treatment, then declined significantly. The relative expression of StSnRK2.6 declined slowly with the prolonging of treatment time; however, the relative expression of StSnRK2.8 was about seven times of the control at 4 h of treatment and then declined after 6 h of exposure to stress. StSnRK2.7 expression slowly increased with time until 12 h of treatment, then decreased significantly with no obvious difference compared to control at 24 h of treatment and to less than half of the control at 48 h of treatment.

Fig. 7
figure 7

The differential relative transcript expression level of StSnRK2.1 to StSnRK2.8 under 5% PEG stress treatments; data represent the means ± SD of three replicates and different letters indicate significant difference at P < 0.05. Total RNA was extracted from four-week-old plants subjected to 5% PEG stress treatments for 2–48 h. Y-axis showed the transcript fold to that in the CK

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The relative expression pattern of StSnRK2 genes under ABA treatment were different from NaCl and PEG treatments (Fig. 8). After 2 h of ABA, the relative expression level of StSnRK2.3 declined slightly, increased to a maximum after 6 h and then remained stable. Other members had no obvious changes in expression under ABA treatment, although the expression levels of StSnRK2.1, StSnRK2.5 and StSnRK2.7 declined slightly at 2 h, but gradually returned to the control levels after 4 h of treatment. Compared to NaCl and PEG treatments, there was no significantly increasing trend. After 2 h of treatment, the expression levels of StSnRK2.2 and StSnRK2.4 also increased, but those of StSnRK2.6 and StSnRK2.8 had not changed. The results showed that StSnRK2 genes have no obvious response to ABA; most members of the subfamily may be involved in plant response pathways to stresses and were ABA-independent except that StSnRK2.3 is ABA-dependent.

Fig. 8
figure 8

The differential relative transcript expression level of StSnRK2.1 to StSnRK2.8 under 50 μM ABA stress treatments, the data represent the means ± SD of three replicates and different letters indicate significant difference at P < 0.05. Total RNA was extracted from four--week-old plants subjected to 50 μM ABA stress treatments for 2–48 h. Y-axis showed the transcript fold to that in the CK

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To identify the presence of cis-elements in the promoter regions of the StSnRK2s, the 2 kb length of the upstream region was considered as the promoter region and used to search for stress-responsive elements. We cloned eight StSnRK2 genes from the potato cultivar ‘Longshu-3’ and analyzed their location in the genome, gene structure, amino acid sequence divergence and tissue specific and stress-induced expression patterns. All genes except for StSnRK2.4 carried ABRE, StSnRK2.1, StSnRK2.2 and StSnRK2.4 carried DRE/CRT and StSnRK2.1, StSnRK2.2, StSnRK2.4, StSnRK2.5 and StSnRK2.7 had LTRE.

Discussions

The SnRK2 subfamily is an osmotic-stress activated protein kinase and has been identified and characterized in Arabidopsis, rice, maize and other plant species. Many studies have showed that SnRK2 members have potential roles in improving stress tolerance and increase crop yields [29, 32]. In the present study, we identified and cloned eight StSnRK2 genes from potato cultivar ‘Longshu-3’, and analyzed their genome distribution, gene structure, phylogenic and tissue specific and stress-induced expression patterns. Similar to SnRK2s in Arabidopsis, rice and maize, StSnRK2 genes in potato were distributed over several chromosomes. All the StSnRK2s except for StSnRK2.6 have nine exons, similar to the SnRK2s in other plant species [26, 46]. The functional characteristics of the C-terminal region of SnRK2s has been reported in several plant species like Arabidopsis [4, 5, 13, 14, 16, 17, 35], rice [25, 36] and maize [26, 47]. The evolutionary distance of StSnRK2.3 is very close to AtSnRK2.6 (Fig. 3). The gene products of AtSnRK2.2 and AtSnRK2.3 are mostly concentrated in leaves, contributing largely to the ABA-dependent stomatal regulation [4, 15].

Tissue-specific expression of SnRK2 genes were observed in many species. For example, fava bean AAPKs induced by ABA signaling were mainly expressed in guard cells [48]. The expression of SAPK members is different among tissues in rice: SAPK8, 9 and 10 are regulated only by ABA in blades and roots, with the level of expression in roots higher than in other tissues [25]. Root tips, as a dynamic and specialized tissue, play a crucial role in sensing water and nutrients and often have rapid responses by transmitting appropriate signals. In current study, the expressions of StSnRK2s in various tissues of potato plantlets were highly diversified and these proteins may mediate various metabolic processes under normal growing conditions. The expression of StSnRK2.4 was higher in shoot tissues than in roots, and could be induced by NaCl, ABA and PEG (Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8), suggesting that StSnRK2.4 may be sensitive to stress signals and function in osmotic-stress responses in shoot tissues of potato. The expression of TaSnRK2.4 was stimulated by high salt treatments, and the overexpression of TaSnRK2.4 in Arabidopsis enhanced salt tolerance [28]. StSnRK2.4 and AtSnRK2.4 were classified into the same group, implying that StSnRK2.4 may be a potential target for improving the salt tolerance of potato. In Arabidopsis, SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3 and SnRK2.6 are typically activated by ABA, and can phosphorylate the ABA-responsive elements. So, they are important for the activation of ABA-responsive genes. In rice, SAPK8, 9, and 10 are activated by ABA [25]. The regulation of the plant responses to ABA via SnRK2s pathways occurs by direct phosphorylation of various downstream targets, for example, SLAC1, KAT1, AtRbohF and transcription factors were required for the expression of numerous stress response genes [46]. The expression of ZmSnRK2 genes can be induced by various stress treatments, suggesting their potential roles in stress responses. We found that each gene of StSnRK2 subfamily has a unique expression pattern in different tissues of potato, with the expressions of StSnRK2.2 and StSnRK2.8 very low in roots, whereas the expressions of StSnRK2.5 and StSnRK2.6 were very low in leaves. However, they were insensitive to ABA treatments, probably due to the different regulatory elements that each StSnRK2 carried on the 2-kb upstream region (Table 3). Alternatively, the concentration of ABA and the prolonging of the ABA treatment need to be further discussed. The manipulation of StSnRK2s can be a valuable approach for improving the stress tolerance of potato.

Table 3 Putative Cis elements existed in the 2 kb upstream region of StSnRK2 genes
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Conclusions

In the present study, we identified and characterized eight SnRK2 genes in the potato genome. The eight StSnRK2s exhibit similar gene structure and secondary structures in potato to the SnRK2s found in other plant species. The fluorescence of GFP fused with StSnRK2.1, StSnRK2.2, StSnRK2.6, StSnRK2.7, and StSnRK2.8 was detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of onion epidermal cells. On the other hand, StSnRK2.3 and StSnRK2.4 are mainly associated to the nucleus, while StSnRK2.5 seems to be associated to subcellular organelles. The relative expression of the eight SnRK2 genes varied among tissues (roots, leaves, tubers and stems) and abiotic stresses (ABA, NaCl and PEG-6000) with the prolonging of treatments. This study provides valuable information for the future functional dissection of potato SnRK2 genes in stress signal transduction, plant growth and development studies.