First, let me applaud the authors for addressing a critical issue in the resuscitation of out-of-hospital patients [1]. Using axioms such as 'GCS 8, intubate' and the 'ABCs of resuscitation', we have assumed that aggressive airway management - including early tracheal intubation (TI) - is fundamental in the early management of critically ill and injured patients. Thus, it has been somewhat difficult to explain the growing body of literature associating early TI with increased mortality, even after adjustment for multiple covariates reflecting the severity of injury or illness [2–5]. It is tempting to dismiss these studies as merely reflecting an inherent selection bias in that patients who can be intubated in the out-of-hospital environment - particularly without the use of neuro-muscular blocking agents - have suffered a devastating and potentially fatal neurological injury. However, even controlled trials and analyses limiting enrollment to patients with intact airway reflexes requiring paralytics suggest a lack of benefit with early TI [2, 6].

On the other hand, there is a clear association between hypoxemia and mortality among brain-injured patients [7, 8]. Although this is often reversible with non-invasive airway maneuvers, some patients may require a more aggressive approach to prevent hypoxic injury [9]. In addition, a recent analysis comparing actual outcomes to those predicted by the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) suggests that early intubation is lifesaving among the most severely injured patients [10]. Furthermore, data from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium document decreased mortality among head-injured patients treated by emergency medical service (EMS) systems with higher intubation rates [11].

It is clear that suboptimal performance of intubation and ventilation plays an important role in outcomes. Elevated intracranial pressure, aspiration events, intubation failure, and post-intubation hyperventilation are associated with early TI and may impact survival [12–15]. With administration of neuromuscular blocking agents, desaturations during laryngoscopy can result in bradycardia and increased mortality [13, 16]. For cardiac arrest victims, excessive ventilation rates and long compression pauses severely diminish cardiac output and adversely affect resuscitation success [17]. It remains unclear whether eliminating suboptimal intubation performance will allow the 'inherent benefits' of early intubation to emerge.

All of this suggests that the relationship between out-of-hospital TI and outcome is complex and its therapeutic value remains uncertain. It is remarkable that this unproven and potentially harmful procedure remains firmly entrenched in consensus recommendations and protocols.

One of the primary reasons for our uncertainty as to the benefit or harm of out-of- hospital TI is the difficulty in comparing reports from different EMS systems due to lack of uniform data reporting standards. Variability in patient populations, disease state, comorbidities, injury or illness severity, provider level-of-training and experience, intubation protocols, procedure performance, response/scene/transport intervals, use of neuromuscular blocking agents and sedatives, equipment, and disposition all likely affect outcomes but are inconsistently reported, as the present report demonstrates [1].

In addition, physiological criteria (hypoxemia, decreased level of consciousness, tachypnea or hypopnea) are used to justify early TI. However, few EMS systems routinely capture physiological data for subsequent review. These data have proven valuable in understanding the therapeutic impact of various procedures and may shed light on the relationship between TI and outcome [1]. For example, hypocapnia, whether obtained from out-of-hospital capnometry or arrival arterial blood gas, is independently associated with lower survival among head-injured patients [18, 19]. Similarly, both hypoxemia and extreme hyperoxemia on trauma center arrival predict increased mortality [8].

The present study reveals that our objective of uniform data reporting for out-of-hospital TI remains elusive [1]. Some data elements were present in the majority of reports, while others were rarely included. This report may serve as stimulus to improve adherence for future studies. However, this would require that the proposed data elements be universally embraced, which may occur only after the importance of each is individually validated [20]. This may be challenging, since these elements cover a broad range of categories that may not be applicable in every investigation. For example, core patient variables may be relevant when considering intubation success rates, which would be unaffected by post-intubation variables. The proposed data set may undergo a period of refinement if particular elements are determined not to affect any of the outcome variables of interest. Finally, certain physiological variables may best be captured via export from monitors, which may not be feasible in some EMS systems.

Again, I would like to commend the authors in their efforts to document the variability with which proposed data elements are currently reported in out-of-hospital airway research [1]. This variability has prevented us from reaching conclusions regarding the optimal approach to airway management in early resuscitation due to the inability to appropriately account for covariates affecting patient outcomes, substantive differences in EMS system and provider characteristics, and intubation protocols. Only through uniform reporting can we follow the example set several decades ago by the original Utstein conference participants in defining uniform reporting of data for cardiopulmonary arrest, which catalyzed important advances for our understanding of optimal therapy for these patients. I encourage investigators with interest in these areas to strongly consider adopting the recommended data elements so that we can begin to elucidate the optimal approach to out-of-hospital airway management.