Introduction

Amplification of the HER2 oncogene occurs in approximately 25% of human breast cancers and predicts response to therapies targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), including trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against HER2, and lapatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of HER2 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) [1, 2]. HER2 is a member of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which form both homo- and heterodimers, resulting in the activation of downstream signaling pathways [3]. In HER2-amplified cancers, the heterodimer of HER2 with kinase-deficient HER3 is a major activator of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signaling, and HER3, when phosphorylated, can directly couple to the p85 subunit of PI3K [4]. HER2-amplified tumors show significant reliance on PI3K-Akt signaling [5, 6]. Importantly, inhibition of PI3K-Akt signaling is believed to be an essential component of the antitumor effect of HER2-directed therapies [7–9].

Alteration of the PI3K-Akt pathway is frequent in human cancers, and among the most frequent alterations are mutations in phosphoinositide 3-kinase catalytic subunit α (PIK3CA), the gene encoding the p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K. These mutations cluster in hotspot regions in the helical and kinase domains of p110α [10, 11] and confer a gain of function [12]. PIK3CA hotspot mutations are found in approximately 25% of breast cancers and can overlap with HER2 amplification [10, 13, 14]. The presence of these mutations in HER2-amplified cancer cells confers resistance to trastuzumab or lapatinib [7, 15–17]. Moreover, aberrant activation of PI3K-Akt signaling by a PIK3CA mutation and/or phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) loss is associated with resistance to trastuzumab in patients in some studies [15, 18, 19].

Recent clinical studies have suggested that targeting HER2-PI3K signaling with combinations of agents that inhibit HER2 by different mechanisms is more effective than a single HER2 inhibitor; combining trastuzumab and lapatinib was more effective than trastuzumab alone in both the metastatic and neoadjuvant settings [20, 21]; and combining two HER2 antibodies, trastuzumab and pertuzumab, prolonged survival longer than trastuzumab alone [22]. Preclinical studies have suggested that the HER2/HER3 signaling complex has sufficient buffering capacity to withstand incomplete inhibition of HER2 catalytic activity, even in combination with a PI3K inhibitor, though this capacity can be overcome by fully inactivating HER2 catalytic activity with elevated doses of a TKI that may not be tolerated in clinical practice [23]. Moreover, even so-called dual-targeting of HER2 may not be sufficient to overcome resistance to HER2 inhibition, particularly in the case of HER2-amplified cancer with a PIK3CA mutation [16, 24]. We have previously shown that, once resistance to HER2 inhibitors is established, inhibition of PI3K added to continued HER2 inhibition can overcome resistance [25].

In this work, we show that PIK3CA-activating mutations can be acquired during the development of resistance to HER2 inhibitors and that the presence of these mutations uncouples PI3K signaling from HER2. We further demonstrate that adding a PI3K inhibitor to dual-targeting of HER2 is more effective than HER2 targeting alone in a PI3K wild-type tumor and that the combination of HER2 and PI3K targeting is required for tumor regression in a model with HER2 amplification and PIK3CA mutation.

Methods

Cell cultures, inhibitor treatments and proliferation and apoptosis assays

BT474, SKBR3, MDA-MB-361, HCC1954 and UACC893 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). SUM190 cells were purchased from Asterand (Detroit, MI, USA). Lapatinib-resistant (LR) cell lines were generated as described previously [25] and cultured in the presence of 1 to 2 μM lapatinib. Lapatinib ditosylate and BIBW2992 were obtained from LC Laboratories (Woburn, MA, USA). BKM120 was obtained from Selleck Chemicals (Houston, TX, USA). Trastuzumab and pertuzumab were obtained from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center outpatient pharmacy. Unless otherwise noted, cells were treated with inhibitors at the following concentrations: lapatinib, 1 μM; trastuzumab, 10 μg/ml; BKM120, 1 μM; and BIBW2992, 1 μM. Cell proliferation was measured using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) reagent. Cells plated in 96-well plates were treated with inhibitors and fixed in 1% trichloroacetic acid after 72-hour treatment. Plates were rinsed with water and air-dried, then stained with 0.4% SRB in 1% acetic acid. Excess stain was removed by washing with 1% acetic acid, and plates were air-dried. Stained cells were solubilized in 10 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.4, and absorbance at 590 nm was measured in a plate reader. Apoptosis was measured at 24 hours using the Caspase-Glo reagent (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For longer-term growth assays, cells were seeded into six-well plates and treated with inhibitors as indicated. Media and inhibitors were replenished twice weekly, and cells were grown for 2 to 3 weeks until confluence in the untreated wells. Cells were fixed and stained in 20% methanol with 0.5% crystal violet and washed with water. Dried plates were imaged on a flatbed scanner.

Generation of PIK3CAmutant cells

BT474 and SKBR3 parental cells were transduced with an amphotrophic retrovirus (LZRS) with neomycin resistance produced by Phoenix-AMPHO packaging cells containing C-terminal hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged bovine wild-type PIK3CA or E545K or H1047R mutations cloned from the JP1520 retroviral vector, as described previously [26]. To generate LR cell lines, transduced cells were treated with 1 μM lapatinib for approximately 4 to 6 weeks. Wild-type PIK3CA-expressing cells did not survive selection. Mutant-expressing, lapatinib-selected cells were maintained in the presence of 1 μM lapatinib.

SNaPshot genotyping and Sanger sequencing

Genomic DNA was isolated from parental and LR BT474 cells and analyzed by the SNaPshot mutational profiling method (SNaPshot; Vanderbilt, NY, USA). This assay involves multiplexed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and multiplexed single-base primer extension, followed by capillary electrophoresis [27, 29]; Vandana G Abramson et al., unpublished data. The current assay was designed to detect 18 somatic point mutations in three genes (Additional file 1: Table S1). Briefly, PCR primers were pooled to amplify the target DNA, and PCR was performed using the following conditions: 95°C (8 minutes), followed by 40 cycles at (95°C (20 seconds), 58°C (30 seconds) and 72°C (1 minute)) and then a final extension at 72°C (3 minutes) (Additional file 2: Table S2). Next, PAGE-purified primers were pooled together, and multiplex single-base extension reactions were performed on ExoSAP-IT-treated (USB/Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA, USA) PCR products using the following conditions: 96°C (30 seconds), followed by 35 cycles at (96°C (10 seconds), 50°C (5 seconds) and 60°C (30 seconds)) (Additional file 3: Table S3). Extension products were applied to capillary electrophoresis in an ABI 3730 DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA), and the data were interpreted using ABI GeneMapper software (version 4.0; Applied Biosystems). Human male genomic DNA (Promega) was used as a wild-type control. Spiking primers were mixed to create a pan-positive control mix for the assay (Additional file 4: Table S4).

To validate the SNaPshot result, exon 9 of PIK3CA was amplified by high-fidelity PCR from genomic DNA and sequenced by traditional Sanger sequencing methods. The primer sequences are as follows: 5′-TTCAGCAGTGTGGTAAAGTTC-3′ forward; 5′GAGGCCAATCTTTTACCAAGC-3′ reverse.

Immunoblot analysis and p85 immunoprecipitation

Cells were treated with inhibitors for 3 hours, and lysates were prepared as described previously [25]. Lysates were resolved on 7.5% acrylamide gels and transferred to Immobilon-FL PVDF (EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and incubated in primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. Blots were washed and incubated with infrared fluorescent dye secondary antibody conjugates (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA), and blots were imaged using a LI-COR Odyssey scanner. Antibodies from the following sources were used for analysis: pHER2 Y1248 (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA); Y877 pHER2 (Epitomics, Burlingame, CA, USA); Y1221/2 pHER2, Y11197 and Y1289 pHER3, S473 pAkt, Akt, S240/44 pS6, pErk1/2, Erk, and p110α PI3K (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA); p85 N-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2) domain (EMD Millipore); HA (Covance, Princeton, NJ, USA); actin (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO, USA); HER2 (Thermo Fisher, Pittsburgh, PA, USA); and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA).

To analyze p110α isoforms bound to p85, lysates were prepared from wild-type or mutant-expressing cells and incubated with p85 rabbit antibody (directed against the N-terminal SH2 domain) overnight at 4°C as described previously [30]. Antibody complexes were isolated with Dynabeads Protein A (Life Technologies) and washed. Beads were boiled in SDS sample buffer and resolved on polyacrylamide gels, then immunoblotted with HA, p110α and p85 antibodies. Bands were quantitated using the LI-COR Odyssey scanner and Image Studio software. Mean values from triplicate experiments were compared by analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Phosphoprotein ELISA analysis

PathScan Sandwich ELISA kits for pHER2, pAkt and pS6 were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology and used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Lysates from cells treated with a range of lapatinib doses for 4 hours were prepared, and protein concentration determined by bicinchoninic acid assay (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, IL, USA). Lysates were diluted and incubated in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plates overnight at 4°C, then washed and developed according to the protocol. Absorbance values were read on a BioTek Epoch microplate optical reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA) and normalized for each experiment to values for untreated cells. ELISA experiments were repeated in triplicate. Mean values ± SEM from the three experiments were used to plot log(inhibitor) vs. response curves using a variable slope model and to determine half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) using GraphPad Prism software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). For statistical analysis, IC50 values for each phosphoprotein were compared between wild-type and mutant cells by ANOVA.

Xenograft experiments

Animal studies were approved by the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. BT-474 or HCC1954 cells (approximately 5 × 106 in 50% Matrigel) were injected into female athymic nude mice. For BT474 cells, mice were implanted with 60-day, 0.72-mg, slow-release estrogen pellets (Innovative Research of America, Sarasota, FL, USA) on the day prior to injection. After tumors reached ≥250 mm3, mice were randomly assigned to treatment with trastuzumab (30 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection twice weekly), lapatinib (100 mg/kg by oral gavage daily) and/or BKM120 (30 mg/kg by oral gavage daily). Tumors were measured with calipersn and tumor volume in cubic millimeters was calculated by the formula length/(2 × width2). Mean tumor volumes for each treatment group are displayed on log2 scale. Kaplan-Meier curves were constructed using the time point at which tumor volumes exceeded 100 mm3.

Results

Acquired PIK3CAmutation in lapatinib-resistant cells

We previously showed that LR cells exhibit continued activation of PI3K signaling despite inhibition of the HER2 tyrosine kinase [25]. To identify mechanisms associated with maintenance of PI3K signaling in these drug-resistant cells, we profiled them using the SNaPshot assay [27–29; Vandana G Abramson et al., unpublished] for a panel of mutations in PIK3CA, AKT and PTEN (Additional file 1: Table S1). Four of the six LR cell lines were derived from cells with preexisting hotspot PIK3CA mutations. None of the resistant cell lines acquired AKT or PTEN mutations. However, BT-474 LR cells acquired an E542K PIK3CA mutation (Figure 1A). We confirmed the presence of this mutation in cDNA by Sanger sequencing. Parental cells did not have any detectable E542K mutant sequence. The mutation persisted in LR cells even after culture in the absence of lapatinib for more than 2 weeks (Figure 1B). The E542 mutation is unique to BT474 cells. Other HER2-amplified cell lines known to contain PIK3CA mutations have either an E545K or H1047R mutation [10, 14].

Figure 1
figure 1

BT474 lapatinib-resistant cells acquire E542K PIK3CA mutation. (A) SNaPshot analysis of genomic DNA isolated from parental and lapatinib-resistant (LR) cells reveals a distinct peak corresponding to a G1624A nucleotide change in resistant cells. (B) Sanger sequencing of exon 9 of PIK3CA confirms the presence of the G1624A nucleotide change in LR cells. (C) Lysates from parental and LR cells treated with increasing doses of lapatinib, ranging from 0.001 to 10 μM, were analyzed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies.

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PIK3CAmutation partially uncouples HER2 inhibition for phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling

We observed that the four HER2-amplified cell lines that contain de novo PIK3CA mutations develop resistance to lapatinib more rapidly than PIK3CA wild-type cells in chronic cell culture. Thus, because the BT474 cells acquired a PIK3CA mutation upon the development of lapatinib resistance, we reasoned that the gain of function conferred by this mutation in p110α uncouples downstream PI3K signaling from HER2 and thereby blunts the inhibitory effect of lapatinib. We first evaluated response to lapatinib in parental and LR BT474 cells. Resistant cells were cultured in the absence of lapatinib for at least 2 weeks until recovery of HER2 phosphorylation was observed. After treatment of cells with increasing doses of lapatinib, we observed a similar inhibition of HER2 phosphorylation in parental and resistant cells, but the resistant cells with an acquired E542K mutation showed only very limited inhibition of PI3K signaling as measured by Akt and S6 phosphorylation (Figure 1C).

We next transduced parental BT474 and SKBR3 cells with wild-type, E545K or H1047R PIK3CA retroviral constructs. Expression of the ectopic p110α construct was verified by Western blot analysis for a C-terminal HA-tag (Additional file 5: Figure S1). We then evaluated the inhibition of pHER2 and PI3K signaling with a range of lapatinib doses. Similarly to BT474 LR cells with acquired E542K mutation, cells with the other hotspot mutations showed a blunted inhibitor response of PI3K signaling to lapatinib with persistent PI3K-Akt signaling (Figure 2A).

Figure 2
figure 2

PIK3CA mutation uncouples phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling from HER2 inhibition by lapatinib. (A) BT474 and SKBR3 cells infected with wild-type, E545K or H1047R constructs were treated with lapatinib at the indicated doses, and lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. (B) Lysates from PIK3CA wild-type or mutant expressing cells treated with a range of lapatinib doses (0.0016 to 5 μM) were analyzed by ELISA for pHER2, pAkt and pS6. Half-maximal concentration (IC50) values were calculated, and the mean log IC50 ± SEM values for three replicate dose–inhibitor curves are shown. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001. (C) HER2+ cell lines with wild-type PIK3CA (BT474 or SKBR3) or with a PIK3CA mutation (MDA361, HCC1954, SUM190 or UACC893) were treated with varying lapatinib doses and analyzed as described in (B). Mean log IC50 values from three replicates ± SEM are shown. Mean IC50 data are shown in Table 1.

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To better quantify the signaling output of mutant PIK3CA in cells in which HER2 was inhibited, we measured pHER2 by ELISA in cells treated with lapatinib and compared the IC50 for HER2 inhibition to the IC50 for PI3K inhibition as measured by Akt S473 and S6 S240/244 phosphorylation. We first compared BT474 and SKBR3 cells (without endogenous hotspot mutations) infected with wild-type, E545K or H1047R p110α retroviral constructs. As expected, IC50 data for inhibition of HER2 by lapatinib were similar between wild-type and PIK3CA mutant expressing cells (Figure 2B). However, both cell lines expressing either mutant PIK3CA isoform showed a significant increase in the IC50 for both Akt and S6 phosphorylation (Figure 2B and Additional file 6: Figure S2). For cells expressing ectopic mutant PI3K, the increase in IC50 was typically two- to threefold higher for the mutant cells than for the wild-type cells (Table 1). Interestingly, we observed a similar increase in the IC50 for pAkt and pS6 in the LR BT474 cells with an acquired E542K mutation (Additional file 7: Figure S3). These data suggest that mutant p110α uncouples PI3K signaling from HER2.

Table 1 Mean half-maximal inhibitory concentrations for lapatinib inhibition of HER2 and signaling proteins in PIK3CA mutant cells a
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We next tested whether a similar partial uncoupling of PI3K signaling from HER2 activation was occurring in cells with endogenous PI3K hotspot mutations. We measured the IC50 values for HER2 and PI3K inhibition in four cell lines with endogenous PIK3CA mutations and compared them to the data for BT474 and SKBR3 cells. Again, we observed similar magnitudes of inhibition of HER2, but cell lines with endogenous PI3K mutations, particularly H1047R, showed an increased IC50 for pAkt and, in one cell line, for pS6 (Figure 2C and Additional file 8: Figure S4). There was a trend toward increased IC50 for inhibition of S6 phosphorylation by lapatinib, but the difference was not statistically significant. We observed in the dose–response curves that the level of the remaining S6 phosphorylation, even at maximal (5 μM) doses of lapatinib, was higher than that of wild-type cells (Additional file 8: Figure S4). This finding confirms that cell lines with endogenous PI3K mutations have a blunted inhibitory response and explains in part how resistance to lapatinib may emerge more quickly in PIK3CA mutant cells.

Lapatinib-resistant cells preferentially utilize H1047R mutant PIK3CA

We reasoned that cells that developed resistance to lapatinib by exploiting the uncoupling of PI3K from HER2 inhibition to allow escape from that inhibition would rely on the gain of function conferred by the mutant p110α isoform to allow for continued signaling in the presence of lapatinib. Thus, after selection for resistance, we hypothesized that the pool of p110α in complex with p85 and available for PI3K signaling would contain more mutant p110α than that available before selection for resistance. To test this hypothesis, BT474 and SKBR3 cells expressing ectopic HA-tagged E545K or H1047R p110α were selected for lapatinib resistance for 4 to 6 weeks. After an initial period of slower growth, the lapatinib-selected cells proliferated. We observed continued inhibition of HER2 by lapatinib, but recovery of Akt and S6 phosphorylation (Figure 3A). In LR cells, PI3K-Akt signaling was still dependent on p110α catalytic activity, as treatment with the PI3K inhibitor BKM120 abolished S473 Akt phosphorylation in both parental and LR ectopic PIK3CA mutant–expressing cells (Figure 3B).

Figure 3
figure 3

Lapatinib-resistant PIK3CA mutant cell lines show reactivation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and utilize mutant p110α for phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling. (A) Cells expressing E545K or H1047R were selected for lapatinib resistance. Unselected cells (Pre) were treated with lapatinib for 3 hours and analyzed along with lapatinib-resistant (LR) cells in the presence of lapatinib by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. (B) Lapatinib-sensitive and LR cells were treated with lapatinib and/or BKM120 for 3 hours, and lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting. (C) Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) was immunoprecipitated from PIK3CA mutant–expressing cells before and after selection for lapatinib resistance with a p85 antibody. Complexes were separated by SDS-PAGE, and expression of mutant p110α was determined by immunoblot analysis for the hemagglutinin (HA)-tag. (D) HA band intensity detected by infrared fluorescence was quantified using a LI-COR Odyssey imaging system. Mean HA intensity normalized to p85 intensity from at least four replicate experiments is shown (bars = SEM).

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We hypothesized that the gain of function conferred by the mutant p110α isoform in the LR cells would result in the preferential engagement of the mutant isoform for PI3K signaling under the selective pressure of HER2 inhibition. As an indirect measure of this utilization of mutant PI3K, we tested whether the PI3K signaling complex in the LR cells would be enriched for the mutant p110α isoform. We immunoprecipitated the pool of p110α in a complex with p85 using a p85 antibody and evaluated the level of mutant isoform present before and after lapatinib selection by immunoblotting for the HA-tag. In BT474 cells, we observed that more of the H1047R mutant p110α was detected in a complex with p85 in resistant cells than in parental cells (Figures 3C and 3D). We found a similar increase in HA expression in p85 immunoprecipitates from SKBR3 cells expressing H1047R p110α, but this increase did not persist after normalizing for levels of immunoprecipitated p85 (Figure 3D and Additional file 9: Figure S5). We did not observe any increase in levels of the E545K mutant in a complex with p85 in either cell line. The E545K mutation has been proposed to alter interaction with p85 and so may have a different mechanism of action than the H1047R catalytic site mutation [12, 31]. This may explain why levels of E545K mutant p110α did not increase in PI3K from LR cells.

HER2 inhibitor resistance conferred by phosphoinositide 3-kinase mutation is susceptible to p110α inhibition

The data we compiled in this study suggest that the gain of function conferred by PIK3CA mutations partially uncouples PI3K signaling from HER2 and allows for eventual escape from HER2 inhibition, but that signaling remains susceptible to inhibitors of p110α. This idea is in agreement with previous reports that lapatinib resistance from PI3K mutations or PTEN loss could be overcome by combining lapatinib with a dual PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/mTOR) inhibitor [16]. Another possibility is that the gain of function of mutant PI3K can amplify low levels of HER2 signaling that remain after single-inhibitor treatment of HER2+ breast cancer [23], but the combination of dual HER2 inhibitor blockade may reduce this low level of signaling and thus inhibit even PIK3CA mutant cancers. This idea is consistent with recent clinical data indicating that the combination of trastuzumab and lapatinib or trastuzumab and pertuzumab is more effective than single HER2 inhibitor therapy [20–22]. To test whether additional HER2 blockade could overcome resistance to single-agent lapatinib or trastuzumab conferred by PI3K mutation, we treated LR PIK3CA mutant cells with lapatinib and trastuzumab and with or without the PI3K inhibitor BKM120. We found that the addition of trastuzumab did not inhibit the already low level of HER2 phosphorylation or further diminish the minimally detectable HER3 phosphorylation in these cells, nor did it further decrease PI3K-Akt signaling through Akt or S6 phosphorylation (Figure 4A). This low level of signaling appears to be sufficient for cell proliferation, as ectopic PI3K expression allowed for continued proliferation of cells in the presence of both trastuzumab and lapatinib (Additional file 10: Figure S6). Only the addition of the PI3K inhibitor resulted in PI3K pathway inhibition (Figure 4A). We also tested the addition of pertuzumab, a monoclonal antibody against HER2 that recognizes a different epitope than trastuzumab, and BIBW2992, a covalent inhibitor of EGFR/HER2 RTKs. None of these additional HER2 inhibitors resulted in any decrease in cell proliferation or increase in apoptosis in LR cells; only the addition of PI3K inhibition resulted in decreased proliferation and the induction of apoptosis (Figures 4B and 4C).

Figure 4
figure 4

Blockade of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, but not additional HER2 blockade, inhibits phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling in lapatinib-resistant cells with PIK3CA mutation. (A) Lapatinib-resistant cells in the presence of lapatinib were treated with trastuzumab overnight, with BKM120 or with the combinations as indicated, and lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting. (B) LR cell lines were plated in 96-well plates. Twenty-four hours after plating, cells were treated with inhibitors as indicated and fixed after seventy-two hours of treatment (lap = lapatinib, tras = trastuzumab, pert = pertuzumab and BKM = BKM120). Cells were stained with sulforhodamine B (SRB). Mean SRB absorbance normalized to cells treated with lapatinib only is shown (duplicates from two separate experiments; bars = SEM). (C) Cells were treated as described in (B), and apoptosis was measured by luminescence after 24-hour treatment with the Caspase-Glo reagent. Mean luminescence (duplicates from two experiments) normalized to lapatinib only is displayed (bars = SEM).

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HER2 inhibitors in combination with phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors can prevent outgrowth of resistant tumors

Because we did not find any benefit associated with additional HER2 inhibitors once resistance to an HER2 inhibitor was established in cell culture, we sought to test whether addition of a PI3K inhibitor to the combination of lapatinib and trastuzumab would prevent the outgrowth of resistant tumors, both with and without PI3K mutations. We first used BT474 cells (without PI3K hotspot mutations). As previously reported [32], trastuzumab and lapatinib together induced BT474 tumor regression. Treatment with BKM120 alone was able to block tumor growth, but did not induce any tumor regression. Combination of a single inhibitor of HER2 with a PI3K inhibitor appeared to be somewhat effective at inducing tumor regression, with a magnitude of benefit similar to the trastuzumab/lapatinib combination. Only the combination of all three drugs was sufficient to induce a robust regression in tumor growth, however, such that all of the mice in the treatment group showed complete regression of tumor growth after about 3 weeks of treatment (Figure 5B). At the end of 4 weeks of treatment, only residual tumors in the BKM120-only or dual-therapy groups were available for analysis, and we observed blockade of PI3K-Akt signaling by the PI3K inhibitor in these residual tumors (Additional file 11: Figure S7). Although the combination of all three drugs was better able to induce tumor regression than two-drug combinations, there were some mice in each group with complete tumor regression with dual- or triple-therapy. To determine whether the response to all three drugs was more durable than two-drug combinations, we followed mice after 28 days of treatment for tumor regrowth. Tumors recurred more rapidly in the trastuzumab/lapatinib combination–treated group, although all groups had at least one mouse with recurrent tumor growth. In all cases where significant recurrence was observed, retreatment with the combination of all three drugs appeared to be effective (black arrows in Figure 5C).

Figure 5
figure 5

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition combined with HER2 inhibition is more effective at inducing tumor regression than HER2 inhibition alone. (A) Mice were injected with BT474 cells, and, after tumor formation, mice were treated with trastuzumab (T), lapatinib (L) or BKM120 (B) in the combinations indicated. Tumor growth was measured twice weekly. The log2 tumor volume data is shown over the 28-day treatment course (bars = SEM). (B) Kaplan-Meier plot showing the number of mice in each treatment group whose tumors regressed to below 100 mm3 in volume during treatment. The number of responses and the total number in each group are displayed above the curve. (C) After 28 days of treatment, mice whose tumors had regressed were followed for recurrence. Tumor volume for individual mice is plotted with the color according to the initial treatment group. Arrows indicate retreatment with T + L + B. (D) Mice were injected with HCC1954 cells (H1047R PIK3CA mutant), and, after tumor formation, mice were treated with trastuzumab (T), lapatinib (L) or BKM120 (B) alone or in the combinations indicated. Tumor growth was measured twice weekly. The log2 tumor volume data are shown over the 28-day treatment course (bars = SEM). Control, T and L alone mice were killed at day 21 of treatment because of excessive tumor volume. (E) After 28 days of treatment, mice from the T + L + B group whose tumors had regressed were followed for recurrence. Tumor volumes for individual mice are plotted. Red indicates mice whose tumors regrew, and those retreated with T + L + B are indicated by the arrow.

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We next tested the combination of HER2 and PI3K inhibition in a xenograft model of HCC1954 cells with endogenous an H1047R PIK3CA mutation. These tumors showed continued growth in the presence of trastuzumab or lapatinib as single agents, further suggesting that PIK3CA mutations confer resistance to HER2 inhibitors (Figure 5D). In these tumors, the combination of trastuzumab and lapatinib was unable to induce tumor regression as it did in BT474 xenografts. BKM120 alone was as effective at inhibiting growth as dual HER2 inhibition, but the combination of HER2 and PI3K inhibitors was required to induce tumor regression. Unlike treatment of HER2+/PIK3CA wild-type tumors, no complete regressions were observed in any treatment group, though most tumors in the triple-therapy group remained only barely palpable at the end of treatment. After 28 days, treatment was stopped and mice were again followed for tumor recurrence, which eventually developed in about half of the mice (Figure 5E). Retreatment with all three inhibitors was able to reinduce tumor regression, suggesting that tumors remain sensitive to the combination of all three drugs. These results imply that a longer duration of treatment would be necessary to induce complete regression in tumors with the PIK3CA mutation.

Discussion

The importance of the PI3K–Akt axis in oncogenic signaling is becoming increasingly apparent, especially in the case of HER2+ breast cancer, where inhibition of PI3K signaling is critical for the antitumor action of HER2 inhibitors and activating mutations in the PI3K pathway can confer resistance to HER2 inhibitors. We show in our present study that acquisition of a hotspot PIK3CA mutation is a mechanism of acquired resistance to lapatinib and that PIK3CA mutations partially uncouple PI3K from HER2 to allow for the development and maintenance of resistance. Further, targeting of PI3K itself, in combination with maximal HER2 blockade with both an antibody and a TKI, is more effective than HER2 targeting alone for HER2 tumors without PIK3CA mutations and is required for HER2 tumors with PIK3CA mutations.

We and others have found that both helical and catalytic domain mutations of PIK3CA can confer resistance to HER2 inhibitors [7, 16, 24, 33]. In our biochemical assays, ectopic expression of either mutation appeared to uncouple HER2 inhibition from PI3K signaling to a similar degree (Figure 2), and cells expressing either mutation showed reactivation of PI3K upon the development of resistance [25]. When we assayed resistant cells for the proportion of mutant vs. wild-type p110α in the PI3K signaling complex compared to sensitive cells, however, we observed an increase in utilization of the H1047R mutant isoform but not the E545K isoform. We also did not observe the same degree of uncoupling of downstream signaling in a cell line with endogenous E545K compared with H1047R expressing cell lines (Figure 2). This is consistent with different proposed mechanisms for these mutations, whereby the helical domain mutant may function primarily to abolish the normal regulatory inhibition of PI3K, whereas the increased catalytic activity conferred by the kinase domain mutation may be required by the mutant cells still under the selective pressure of HER2 inhibition [12, 31]. In either case, catalytic inhibition of p110α was effective at blocking downstream signaling for both mutations.

This catalytic inhibition of p110α is emerging as an attractive possible therapeutic option, with a number of inhibitors currently in preclinical and clinical development [34]. Several studies have investigated the potential importance of PI3K inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in HER2-amplified breast cancer, but these studies have uncovered feedback loops and other factors that may limit the use of PI3K inhibitors as single agents. A p110-specific inhibitor, GDC-0941, inhibited the growth of HER2-amplified cells in culture, but the combination of GDC-0941 with trastuzumab was required for tumor growth inhibition in mice [7]. Interestingly, the combination of GDC-0941 with antibody inhibitors of HER2 (trastuzumab and pertuzumab) appeared to be more effective than GDC-0941 in combination with a TKI [35]. In HER2+ cells with PIK3CA mutations, low doses of lapatinib are ineffective, but the cells are susceptible to dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors such as BEZ235 [16] or INK-128 [36]. In the latter study, however, combination of the HER2 TKI with the PI3K inhibitor was not able to induce tumor regression, whereas combination of a PI3K p110 inhibitor (BKM120) with trastuzumab did result in tumor regression, albeit in a wild-type PIK3CA model. In a transgenic HER2+/PIK3CA H1047R mutant mouse model, tumors that were resistant to the combinations of trastuzumab and lapatinib or trastuzumab and pertuzumab could be inhibited by BKM120 alone or in combination with HER2 inhibitors [24]. Those observations are in agreement with our present findings that BKM120 alone did not induce tumor regression, but did result in tumor regression when combined with HER2 inhibitors. This increased efficacy of HER2 and PI3K inhibitor combinations may be partly explained by increased Erk signaling and feedback upregulation of HER3 after PI3K inhibitor treatment alone, whereas targeting HER2 in combination with PI3K inhibition could overcome these compensatory mechanisms [37, 38].

Our results support the clinical testing of combinations of PI3K inhibition with maximal HER2 inhibition for HER2+ breast cancer. In biomarker studies from the recent CLEOPATRA clinical trial, although the combination of trastuzumab and pertuzumab was superior to trastuzumab alone, regardless of PIK3CA mutation status, the magnitude of benefit was less for those tumors with PIK3CA mutations than for wild-type tumors [39]. There is a potential for overlapping toxicities when combining multiple inhibitors, so important questions regarding selection of patients and the sequence and timing of combination therapies remain to be addressed. Our data suggest that PIK3CA mutation can be acquired during HER2 inhibitor treatment and that the presence of a PIK3CA mutation requires PI3K blockade in addition to HER2 blockade. Despite several lines of preclinical evidence that either PIK3CA mutation can confer HER2 inhibitor resistance, a robust correlation of the occurrence of PIK3CA mutations with outcomes after trastuzumab or lapatinib therapy in patients is still lacking. A recent study of PTEN expression and PIK3CA mutation in HER2+ patients with either recurrent disease after trastuzumab treatment or progression of metastatic disease while on trastuzumab therapy showed a significantly increased frequency of either PTEN loss or PIK3CA mutation compared to untreated HER2+ tumors, but PIK3CA mutation status alone did not appear to be significantly enriched in the clinically trastuzumab-refractory cohort [19]. In addition to determining whether PIK3CA mutation predicts for the eventual development of resistance, there is a critical need to understand how frequently PIK3CA mutations occur after patients develop resistance to HER2 inhibitor treatment. Another important question is whether these combinations need to be given together as part of the initial treatment or whether direct PI3K inhibition can be added after therapeutic resistance develops. In all of our models of resistance, we found reactivation of PI3K signaling and susceptibility to PI3K inhibition. We also found that additional HER2 blockade after the development of lapatinib resistance was ineffective and that PI3K inhibition was essential to overcoming resistance. This suggests that a potentially better-tolerated sequential approach might be effective, and, indeed, sequential additive treatment with HER2 inhibitors appears to have some clinical efficacy, though these patients eventually develop resistance to combined HER2 blockade [21]. In our xenograft models, however, we found that up-front combination of both HER2 and PI3K blockade was most effective at inducing regression and preventing tumor regrowth, regardless of PI3K mutation status. In the case of PIK3CA mutation, this combination was required to induce tumor regression. This suggests that the combination of HER2 and PI3K therapies up front, if tolerable, might provide optimal treatment for patients with PIK3CA mutations and also have potential benefits for patients with PIK3CA wild-type tumors.

Conclusions

Our results show that the gain of function conferred by PIK3CA mutations contributes to resistance to HER2 inhibitors by partially uncoupling PI3K signaling from HER2 inhibition. They also show that, though maximal HER2 blockade is insufficient to overcome the effects of the mutation, addition of a PI3K inhibitor to HER2 inhibitors can reverse or prevent resistance. This suggests that this combination may be an effective strategy to overcome resistance in patients that warrants clinical testing.