Findings

Introduction

Trichoderma spp. has been exploited as plant growth enhancer and protection against pathogen. Trichoderma spp. has been reported as having the potential to act as plant growth promoters to enhance rice growth and productivity (Doni et al. 2013). Several phytostimulation mechanisms obtained with Trichoderma spp., including improved root development and auxin production (Contreras-Cornejo et al. 2009), siderophore producing (Rawat and Tewari 2011), increased drought tolerance (Shukla et al. 2012), expressions of defense protein within the plant (Thakur and Sohal 2013), phosphate-solubilizing (Saravanakumar et al. 2013) and increased salt resistance (Contreras-Cornejo et al. 2014). Recently, we successfully isolated a local isolate of Trichoderma spp. namely Trichoderma sp. SL2 which has been proven to enhance rice germination, vigor, seedling growth, vegetative growth, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration and water use efficiency (Doni et al. 2014a; Doni et al. 2014b).

To date the use of Trichoderma sp. SL2 is generally in the form of suspension of fungal cells on rice seeds or seedlings. Mass propagation of Trichoderma sp. SL2 using solid agar medium in petri dishes could not support large supply of Trichoderma sp. SL2. Nakkeeran et al. (2005) and Al-Taweil et al. (2009) stated that ideal inoculant formulation should have the following criteria; (a) improved shelf life, (b) non-phytotoxic (c) soluble in water and able to release the microbial inoculants with ease, (d) tolerant to bad environment, (e) cost effective and able to control plant diseases (f) and readily available raw material. Therefore, this research was carried out to examine the effectiveness of corn and sugarcane bagasse as Trichoderma sp. SL2 carrier and the impact on rice seedling growth.

Materials and methods

This experiment was conducted at the Fermentation Technology Laboratory and Greenhouse, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. A completely randomized design was performed on this experiment with two treatments and one control; Trichoderma sp. SL2 mixed with corn and sugarcane bagasse as carriers and sterilized homogenous sandy clay loam soil without any application as control. Treatments and control were replicated ten times.

Carriers preparation

Corn and sugarcane bagasse were sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes. Trichoderma sp. SL2 was grown in potato dextrose agar (PDA) and incubated for seven days at 30°C. After incubation, spores of the Trichoderma spp. were harvested and diluted with sterilized distilled water until the spore population density reached a value of 108 spore/ml. Ten ml of Trichoderma sp. SL2 spore suspension was sprayed to 500 g of the respective carrier, stored in a sterilized polyethylene plastic bag and then incubated for ten days at 30°C. The dosage of Trichoderma sp. SL2 formulation was set at 5 g per 1 kg of soil. The inoculated soil was placed in a 15 × 15 cm plastic container.

Rice seedlings preparation

Rice variety MRQ74 which was previously surface sterilized with 70% ethanol was used for this experiment. The rice seeds were grown in autoclaved homogenous sandy clay under greenhouse condition with ambient temperatures of 26 – 34°C, and placed in a seedling tray. Ten five-day old rice seedlings were grown singly in 15 × 15 cm plastic containers containing each treatment and control. Water was maintained at 2 cm level from the soil surface and actively aerated by physically breaking up the soil surface once every ten days.

Measurement

Rice seedling growth parameters were measured 15 days after transplanting. Plant height (cm) was measured from ground level to the tip of the longest leaf and leaf number was counted for each treatment and control. Root length (cm) was measured from the base of the stem to the longest root using a ruler and rice seedling wet weight (g) was measured using a digital scale. Rice biomass (g) measurement was done after rice roots were dried in the oven at a temperature of 65°C for seven days.

Statistical analyses

All data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). All treatment means were separated using Fisher’s protected Least Significance Difference (LSD) mean separation at 5% probability level.

Results and discussion

Rice seedling root length, wet weight and biomass treated with Trichoderma sp. SL2 -corn carrier was significantly greater than the Trichoderma sp. SL2 - sugarcane bagasse carrier and control. However, result was not significant for plant height and leaf number (Table 1, Figures 1 and 2). Corn containing carbohydrate and minerals served as potential carrier for Trichoderma sp. SL2 inoculant carrier because it is easily available, stored, commercialized and employed in the field. Trichoderma sp. SL2 formulated with corn can be applied in rice cultivation as seed treatment, seed biopriming, root treatment and soil treatment. Trichoderma sp. SL2 formulated with corn and sugarcane bagasse showed good growth, color changed to green after ten days Trichoderma sp. SL2 treatment (Figure 3). Green coloration of corn and sugarcane bagasse indicated that the fungal mycelium has successful growth.

Table 1 Results of corn and sugarcane bagasse as Trichoderma sp . SL2 carrier on rice seedling growth
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Figure 1
figure 1

Rice seedlings treated with (A) control, (B) sugarcane bagasse formulation, (C) corn formulation.

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Figure 2
figure 2

Rice seedlings treated with (A) sugarcane bagasse formulation, (B) corn formulation, (C) control.

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Figure 3
figure 3

Trichoderma sp . SL2 grows well on corn (A) and sugarcane bagasse (B) indicated by the green coloration.

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The ability of Trichoderma spp. in enhancing rice plant growth can be employed by several growth promoting mechanisms which include enhancing nutrient availability through solubilization and chelation of minerals (Harman et al. 2004), producing phytohormone (Chowdappa et al. 2013), releasing elicitors (Nawrocka and Malolepsza 2013) and producing harzianolide (Cai et al. 2013). In this research, these mechanisms provided by Trichoderma inoculants are believed to be contributing factors that led to better rice plant growth.

Conclusion

Trichoderma sp. SL2 formulated with corn as carrier significantly increased rice seedling growth, thus making corn as a potential carrier to be employed as Trichoderma spp. inoculants for field application.