Background

Infant of a diabetic mother (IDM) is, defined as, a neonate born to mother who had suffering from diabetes mellitus, but this term refers specifically to the neonate born to a woman who had persistently elevated blood sugar during pregnancy [1]. Cardiovascular abnormalities in infants of diabetic mothers occur in the form of congenital heart diseases (3-5%), and cardiomyopathy (10-20%) [2]. It is suggested that fetal hyperinsulinism may trigger hyperplasia and hypertrophy of myocardial cells by increasing fat and protein synthesis [3, 4].

Troponin is a calcium-regulated, three subunit proteins (Troponin C, Troponin I and Troponin T) involved in the actin-myosin interaction in muscle cells, inhibiting the ATPase activity of actomyocin, resulting in muscle relaxation [5]. The serum levels of cardiac troponin I (known to be a marker for cardiac injury) in infants of diabetic mothers, were significantly elevated in symptomatic patients with life threatening respiratory or homodynamic distress [6, 7]. It is important to note that cardiac troponin I is a marker of all heart muscle damage, not just myocardial infarction. Troponins are increased in several forms of cardiomyopathy, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or (left) ventricular hypertrophy, presumably due to increased oxygen demand and inadequate oxygen or blood supply to the heart muscle [8, 9].

The aim of this study was to compare between infants of diabetic and those of non- diabetic mothers as regards cardiac troponin I (cTnI) levels (as a marker of cardiac dysfunction) and to examine the relationship between this marker and neonatal echocardiographic changes (cardiac structure and function).

Methods

Study design

This is a prospective, comparative study.

Population

Eighty full term neonates were included in this study. They were recruited from the neonatal intensive care units , AL-Zahraa and Al-Hussein university hospitals, during the period from April 2008 to June 2011. Sex, birth weight, mode of delivery, Apgar score, cord acid–base status, Downs Score (to assess the severity of respiratory distress) was recorded.

They were divided into 2 groups: group I included fourty infants of diabetic mother (IDMs), they were 25 males (62.5%) and 15 females (37.5%) and group II included 40 infants of non diabetic healthy mothers as a control group. They were 24 males (60%) and 16 females (40%).

Preterm neonates (less than 37 weeks), neonates with major central nervous system, cardiac and/or pulmonary anomalies, severe hypoxia, respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) or neonatal sepsis were excluded from this study. Mothers with history of hypertension, pre eclampsia, rheumatic heart disease or drugs except insulin for DM were excluded from the study. All deliveries were attended by a neonatologist expert in techniques of resuscitation. Apgar scoring at 1 and 5 minutes were recorded in all, and none of the neonates had birth asphyxia.

All studied groups were subjected to : full history taking, clinical examination, estimation of troponin I by using DRG troponin I fluorometric enzyme immunoassay (Centaur®, Bayer) [9]. cTnI was measured in the first and second days of life. The upper reference limits for cTnI, defined as the 95% cut-off by nonparametric analysis, were 0.1 ng/ml. cTnI values that exceed 1.5 ng/ml indicate myocardial necrosis compatible with acute myocardial injury.

Echocardiography

Neonatal echocardiography was performed during the first 3 days of life and cardiac measurements were determined by 2D and cross sectional M-mode echocardiography. Cardiac structure / function were assessed within the first three days of life by measuring left ventricle end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricle end-systolic dimension (LVESD), ventricular septal thickness (VST), posterior wall thickness (PWT), percentage of ejection fraction (EF%) and percentage of shortening fraction (SF%).We used Hewlett Packard SONOS 5500 with a 5.0 or 3.5 MHZ transducer.

Statistical analysis

Cardiac troponin I concentrations were not normally distributed and therefore medians and interquartile ranges are reported and non-parametric comparisons were made using the unpair comparison t-test (for normally distributed variables), Mann–Whitney U test (for non-normally distributed variables). Categorical variables were expressed in percentages. Categorical data were compared using a χ2 test. A Nonparametric Spearman ρ test was used to investigate the relationship between cTnI and cardiac function and structure parameters and Doppler indexes. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Among the diabetic mothers 32.5% were type-1 DM, 40% type-2 DM, and 27.5% were gestational diabetes. The demographic data of the studied groups are summarized in (Table 1). The mean weight of IDM was 4.1 ± 0.6Kg in comparison to 3.4 ± 0.2 Kg in INDM (P < 0.001*), the blood glucose level in IDMs showed a significantly lower level than INDM (34.6 ± 11.3mg/dl Vs 77.2 ± 19.8 mg/dl, P < 0.05* respectively). Respiratory distress and cyanosis were evident as a main clinical manifestations of IDMs in (67.5% and 60% respectively). On assessment of cTnI on the second day of life, it was significantly elevated in IDM (Table 2 & Figure 1), among them, infants with respiratory distress have a higher cTnI levels than those without (median values of 1.7ng/ml Vs 1.0 ng/ml respectively) (Table 3 & Figure 2).

Table 1 Comparison between diabetic and non-diabetic groups as regards to clinical data of neonates
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Table 2 cTnI in infants of diabetic and non diabetic mothers in the first and second days of life
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Figure 1
figure 1

Distribution of cardiac troponin I concentrations for infants of diabetic and non diabetic mothers. The red box is the interquartile range, and the dark dots in the middle of the box is the median value.

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Table 3 Relation between TnI (2 nd ) and clinical manifestations in infants of diabetic mothers
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Figure 2
figure 2

Distribution of cardiac troponin I concentrations for infants of diabetic mothers with and without respiratory distress. The box is the interquartile range, and the dark dots in the middle of the box is the median value.

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We found that the most common echocardiographic findings in IDMs were asymmetrical septal hypertrophy (80%), patent foramen ovale (PFO) (37.5%), and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (27.5%). We found a significant increase in left atrial thickness and interventricular septal dimension in infants of diabetic mothers in comparison to control (11.5 ± 1.8mm Vs 10.5 ± 0.9mm, and 5.0 ± 1.2mm Vs 4.0 ± 0.5mm respectively) (Table 4 & Figures 3,4,5). Cardiac TnI was significantly higher in IDMs with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy than without (median = 1.3 Vs 1.0 , P = 0.004** respectively) (Table 5).

Table 4 Echocardiographgic measurements of neonates in the studied groups
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Figure 3
figure 3

Correlation between cTnI and intraventriculer dimensions.

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Figure 4
figure 4

Correlation between cTnI and posterior wall thickness.

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Figure 5
figure 5

M-mode and parasternal long axis view for left atrial hypertrophy in an infant of a diabetic mother.

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Table 5 Relation between cTnI and echocardiographic findings in neonates of diabetic mothers
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There was a significant positive correlation between cardiac troponin I and both intraventriculer dimensions and posterior wall diameter in IDMs (r = 0.423 P < 0.002** & r = 0.260 P < 0.05 respectively) (Table 6, Figure 6,7). No significant correlations between cardiac troponin I and gestational age, birth weight, RBS, CRP, Apgar scores cord and acid–base status were recorded (Table 7). No relationship was observed between echocardiographic evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and maternal type of diabetes mellitus.

Table 6 Correlation between TnI (2 nd ) and echocardiographic measurements of neonates
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Figure 6
figure 6

Apical four chamber view two-dimensional echocardiogram showing septal hypertrophy in an infant of diabetic mother.

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Figure 7
figure 7

M-mode and parasternal long axis view showing interventricular septal hypertrophy in an infant of a diabetic mother.

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Table 7 Correlation between TnI (2 nd ) and both clinical & laboratory findings of infants of diabetic mothers
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Discussion

Diabetes is a relatively common condition in pregnancy, affecting up to 0.5% of the pregnant population [1]. Neonates of diabetic mothers are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality [2, 3]. A well-recognized complication of diabetic pregnancy is the condition of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. It was mentioned by vural et al. 1995 [5] that, while symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy occurs in 12.1% of infants of diabetic mothers, it is found in 40% when routinely searched for with an echocardiographic scan [5–7]. The primary aim of this study was to assess cardiac damage in infants of diabetic mothers, as assessed by cTnI levels and to determine whether there is a relationship between this cardiac marker and echocardiographic findings.

Troponin is an inhibitory protein complex found in all striated muscles, and the cardiac-specific isoform troponin I (cTnI) is a sensitive and specific marker of myocardial ischemia [10]. Our study showed that the cTnI concentration is unaffected by gestation, birth weight, sex, or mode of delivery, this is inconsistent with other publications [11]. In the current study, infants of diabetic mothers have increased plasma troponin I concentrations on the second day of life. Delivery and cardiovascular maladaptation to extra-uterine life can cause further compromise of oxygenation which lead to further myocardial compromise and troponin release [12]. Accordingly, elevations of troponin I was not detected immediately after birth.

Cardiac troponin I level was significantly higher in neoxnates who have respiratory distress and cyanosis compared to the controls. These findings may be explained in several ways. Firstly, myocardial injury with cardiac dysfunction may result in impaired gas exchange. Alternatively, respiratory and cardiac compromise may have a common cause as diabetes in the pregnant mother is strongly associated with neonatal cardiomyopathy [11–13]. Troponin release occurs in response to ischemia, and it is possible that diabetes-induced placental micro vascular disease and abnormal placentation may lead to chronic intrauterine hypoxia, which could affect fetal myocardial function, making infants of diabetic mothers more susceptible to an acute hypoxic insult [14–16].

The thickness of the interventricular septum was significantly more common in infants born to diabetic mothers. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was found in 80% of IDMs which is often transient with no lasting consequences for the majority of neonates [16–19]. In this study, an important number of infants presented with cardiorespiratory manifestations (67.5% with respiratory distress and 60 % with cyanosis). These factors reflect the problem of the higher incidence of cardiomyopathy in this study. Russell et al. 2008 [20] had reported previously that stillborn infants of diabetic mothers have heavier hearts than stillborn infants of non diabetic mothers after correction for fetal size, suggesting that cardiomyopathy may have a role in “unexplained” fetal death in diabetic pregnancy [19, 20]. The etiology of this cardiomyopathy is poorly understood with proposed mechanisms including fetal hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and chronic hypoxia [20, 21]. It has been suggested that cardiomyopathy occurs in response to functional changes evident in the first trimester in fetuses of pregestational type 1 diabetic mothers [22]. Early pregnancy hyperglycemia may also have an effect on the developing placenta and impaired placental functioning may result in chronic intrauterine hypoxia causing ischemic damage to the fetal myocardium and thus troponin release [23].

An increase in cTnI serum levels in infants with HCMP pointed to subclinical myocyte injury. The mechanisms of myocyte injury in HCMP are not fully understood. It may be caused by relative myocardial ischemia resulting from an imbalance between inappropriate hypertrophy of the myocardium and insufficient oxygen supply [20, 22]. Left ventricular contractility as assessed by the ejection fraction and percentage shortening of the internal thickness was higher in infants of diabetic mothers compared with the controls. This finding could reflect myocardial compromise or an increase in the ventricular workload [24]. These data suggest that maternal diabetes is associated with significant effects on neonatal cardiac function with correlation between interventricular septal diameter and troponin I release in diabetic pregnancy. Poor glycemic control in early pregnancy changes fetal cardiac gene activation and predisposes the fetus to myocardial hypertrophy [24, 25].

The findings in this work suggest that cTnI is a biochemical marker as sensitive as echocardiographic measurements in the detection of cardiac dysfunction and should be done to any infant born to a diabetic mother suffering from respiratory distress.

Conclusions

Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a useful biochemical marker for monitoring myocardial injury in infants of diabetic mothers. It is a sensitive marker so as echocardiographic measurements in detection of cardiac dysfunction. It should be estimated in any infant born to a diabetic mother, mostly in those who present respiratory distress as it can predict hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and/or left ventricular dysfunction.