Background

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (phosphoinositide 3-kinase, PI3K) family is composed of three classes of kinases. Class I PI3K regulates cell growth, proliferation and survival. It consists of two subclasses: Ia - dimeric components, comprised of catalytic subunits: p110α, p110β, p110δ, associated with p85 regulatory subunit and subclass Ib, which is heterodimer consisting of p110γ catalytic subunit, connected with p101 regulatory subunit. Subclass Ia is responsible for transmission signals from receptor tyrosine kinase - RTK (i.e. EGFR, PDGFR). Regulation of this signal transduction pathway is frequently disrupted in human cancers by alterations of PI3K pathway. Among the four isoforms of the catalytic subunits, the α-type has been shown to harbour oncogenic mutations or amplifications in its gene (PIK3CA) [1, 2]. PIK3CA gene is located on chromosome 3q26.3 and consists of 20 exons, coding 1068 amino acids and yielding a 124 kDa size protein [2]. Eighty percent of the mutations in PIK3CA gene are located in three regions within the helical (exon 9), catalytic (exon 20) and p85 binding (exon 1 and 2) domains [3]. The location of the mutations induces one of the several distinct mechanisms [4], enhancing PIK3CA kinase activity and Akt phosphorylation.

The highest frequency of activating mutations of PIK3CA gene has particularly been found in breast [5] and colorectal [3] cancers. The incidence rates of these mutations indicate that PIK3CA is one out of the two most commonly mutated genes, identified in human cancers (the other one being KRAS). In addition to activating mutations, PIK3CA gene amplification has also been implicated in cancer and has been associated with increased PI3K signaling, for instance, in ovarian [6] and cervical [7] cancers. The increased copy number is associated with increased cell growth and decreased apoptosis. The above mentioned results of numerous studies have established the role of PIK3CA as an oncogene in human cancers. PI3K is also thought to be involved in the formation of metastatic phenotype and promotion of carcinoma invasion. This phenotype appears to be independent of kinase Akt activation.

Over the past several years, the frequency of PIK3CA mutations and gene amplification has been analyzed in some sporadic thyroid carcinomas [8–12]. Similarly to other human cancers, the majority of PIK3CA gene mutations in thyroid neoplasms has been reported in exon 9 (helical domain) and 20 (kinase domain) [10]. Mutations in PIK3CA gene have been observed more frequently in follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), while being rather uncommon in PTC [8, 10, 11]. Still, little is known about the precise role of PIK3CA in PTC and data are not consistent.

In the present paper, we have evaluated the relative expression level of PIK3CA gene in PTC and NTG. Additionally, we attempted to examine a potential correlation between PIK3CA gene expression level in FNAB specimens of thyroid tissue and age and gender of patients with PTC and NTG. To our knowledge, this is - up to-date - the first report which provides data on these subjects.

Methods

The patients were selected on the basis of the results of routinely performed FNAB of the thyroid gland. Cytological specimens from 42 patients (35 women, 7 men) were examined, including 20 patients with PTC, and 22 patients with NTG. All tissue samples were taken after patients' informed consents were obtained. PTC and NTG were diagnosed, according to cytological evaluation of FNAB specimens. Each aspirate was smeared for routine cytology, while the remaining part of aspirate was immediately washed out of the needle. The cells, obtained from the needle, were used in further investigation. Macroscopically unchanged thyroid tissue, surgically removed from patients with thyroid cancer, served as a control for real-time PCR experiment.

Total RNA from FNAB was extracted by use of an RNeasy Micro Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), based on modified Chomczyński and Sacchi's method, according to manufacturer's recommendations. The purity of total RNA was assessed by NanoDrop® ND-100 spectrophotometr (data not presented). One hundred nanogram of total RNA was used in the first strand cDNA synthesis with TaqMan® Reverse Transcripton Reagents (Applied Biosystems, Branchburg, New Jersey, USA), according to manufacturer's instruction.

Real-time PCR was performed on the ABI PRISM® 7500 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA, USA), by using Taq Man® Universal PCR Master Mix (Applied Biosystem) and Taq Man® Gene Expression Assays probe and primer mix (Applied Biosystem), according to the manufacturer's specification. The Assay Identification number of PIK3CA was: Hs00180679_ml. Gene-specific probes were labeled by using reporter dye FAM at the 5'end. A non-fluorescent quencher and the minor grove binder were linked at the 3'end of probe. Thermal cycler conditions were as follows: hold for 10 min. at 95°C, follow by two-step PCR for 50 cycles of 95°C for 15 s, followed by 60°C for 1 min. Amplification reactions in triplicate for each sample were performed and the results were normalized to the ACTB gene expression level.

An analysis of relative gene expression data was performed, using the 2-ΔΔCT method on an ABI PRISM® 7500 Sequence Detection System Software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The fold change in studied gene expression, normalised to endogenous control, was calculated using: RQ = 2-ΔΔCT (Table 1 and Table 2).

Table 1 Gender, age, ddCT and RQ values in PTC group
Full size table
Table 2 Gender, age, ddCT and RQ values in NTG group
Full size table

Statistical analysis

Analysis was performed with statistical software package Statistica 7. Basic measures of location (i.e. mean, median), measures of dispersion (SD, SEM) and minimum and maximum and lower quartile and upper quartile values were calculated to provide detailed descriptions of gene expressions in selected groups. Subsequently, the data were statistically analyzed, using non-parametric Mann-Whitney's U test, in order to compare the level of expression values (RQ) among the two studied independent groups (PTC, NTG). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to describe the correlation between PIK3CA gene expression level and patient's age in studied groups. Statistical evaluations of correlation between the gene expressions and gender were performed using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney's U-test.

Results

Our analysis (Mann-Whitney's U-test), used for RQ comparison, revealed statistically significant (p < 0,05) differences in PIK3CA gene expression levels between PTC and NTG. The expression level (RQ) of the PIK3CA was higher in PTC group, in comparison with NTG group. There was no correlation with patient's sex and age (p > 0.05) (Spearman's rank correlation test and Mann-Whitney's U-test). The box-and-whisker plot diagrams, representing the different expression levels of PIK3CA (median and mean values) in PTC and NTG group, are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, respectively.

Figure 1
figure 1

Box-and-whisker plots, representing the expression of PIK3CA gene in the studied groups (PTC, NTG). The results are calculated as RQ values. Whiskers represent median and minimum and maximum values for particular groups. Boxes represent lower quartile and upper quartile. The results were statistically analyzed, using Man-Whitney's U test (p < 0.05).

Full size image
Figure 2
figure 2

Box-and-whisker plots, representing the expression of PIK3CA gene in the studied groups (PTC, NTG). The results are calculated as RQ values. Whiskers represent means ± SD (standard deviation) for particular groups. Boxes represent means ± SEM (standard error of mean). The results were statistically analyzed, using Man-Whitney's U test (p < 0.05).

Full size image

Discussion

In our study, we have clearly presented significantly higher PIK3CA gene expression in FNAB-derived samples of PTC, in comparison with NTG group. Thus, overexpression of PIK3CA gene within PTC can be regarded as a potential genetic event in thyroid carcinogenesis. Our results are consistent with data published by Abubaker et al. [12] who have presented the high incidence of PIK3CA amplification in PTC among the Middle East population. PIK3CA amplifications and mutations (exon 9 and 20) were discovered in 53.1% and 2% of PTC group, respectively [12].

So far, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor α (TGF-α) receptors with tyrosine kinase activity have been proved to commonly be overexpressed in thyroid neoplasms. Furthermore, autoendocrine effects of IGF-I and TGF-α have been noticed, suggesting their association with cancer progression. The increased signaling in these receptors, mediating thyroid cancer development, activates PI3K pathway which is a major intracellular downstream mediator [13]. It may explain the increased activation of PI3K pathway in thyroid malignancies, documented in our study.

Moreover, genetic alterations of PIK3CA gene have been proved to increase expression of PIK3CA gene, as well. Amplifications and mutations in PIK3CA gene have been reported in many human cancer types, including thyroid cancer. To date, the increased activity of PI3K pathway was noted particularly in sporadic thyroid carcinomas, especially in FTC and ATC. Previous studies have revealed higher prevalence of PIK3CA copy gain in ATC (42%) in comparison with FTC (28%), which may indicate that PIK3CA gene participates in the progression of FTC toward more aggressive types of cancer [10, 14]. Furthermore, available data indicate that the occurrence rate of PIK3CA mutations in PTC is low and the rate in question is reported to be in range from 0 to 3% [8–12]. Gene amplification of PIK3CA is more common (ranges from 5 to 14%) in PTC patients, however, still it is less frequent in comparison with FTCs [8–12]. These findings support the hypothesis that PIK3CA is essential for PTC carcinogenesis and for an invasive type of cancer development. Supporting these observations, Wu et al. [9] found a strong association of PIK3CA copy gain with high-risk clinico-pathological features in thyroid cancer; the authors suggested a possible role of that amplification in thyroid tumor progression.

However, basing on the well-defined role for BRAF and ERK signaling, PIK3CA alterations are rather unlikely to play alone a central role in PTC carcinogenesis [14]. Far more possible, PIK3CA genetic changes may coparticipate in multi-step model of carcinogenesis pathway, likewise in the colorectal cancer, though these interactions require further evaluation.

On the other hand, mutant PI3K may be an important goal for future targeted tumor therapy. PIK3CA mutations enhance PI3K function, which - contrary to function loss - is much easier to control. Still, mostly enigmatic molecular pathomechanism of PIK3CA activity increase remains the greatest barrier to obtain highly specific and effective targeted therapy. This task requires further investigations, according to results of clinical studies [15].

Conclusions

In conclusion, our results on overexpression of PIK3CA in PTC, suggest that this gene is involved, to some degree, in pathogenesis of PTC, likewise in more aggressive types of the cancer in question. The definite role of PIK3CA in multi-step carcinogenesis and acquisition of invasive capacity of thyroid cancers remains to be determined.