Background

The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance has become one of the most serious public health concerns across the world. Antimicrobial resistance refers to microorganisms that have developed the ability to inactivate, exclude, or block the inhibitory or lethal effects of antimicrobial agents [1]. Despite significant progress in antimicrobial therapy, infectious diseases caused by bacteria and fungi remain a major worldwide health problem because of the rapid development of resistance to the existing antimicrobial drugs (antibacterial and antifungal). In other words, the increasing use and misuse of existing antimicrobial drugs have resulted in the development of resistant pathogens. In particular, the emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive and -negative bacteria has caused life-threatening infectious diseases in many countries. The chemical and biological study of heterocyclic compounds has been of interest for many years for medicinal and agricultural reasons. There are a large number of heterocyclic derivatives containing nitrogen atoms such as pyridine and pyridazine that possess a broad spectrum of biological activities including antimicrobial [2–6], anti-inflammatory and analgesic [7–9], anti-HIV [10], antiplasmodial [11], anti-tubercular [3, 12], antibacterial [3, 13], anticonvulsant [14, 15], inhibition of cyclo-oxygenase [16], antidiabetic [17], antihypertensive [18], anticancer [19–22], inhibition of blood platelet aggregation [23], antidepressant and anxiolytic [24, 25], antioxidant [26] and antifungal [27]. Thus, the extensive biological activities of pyridine and pyridazine make them important in the design of drug-like molecules. Encouraged by the afore-mentioned findings and in a continuation of an ongoing program aimed at finding new structural leads with potential potent antibacterial and antifungal agents [28, 29], this study describes the synthesis of a new class of 2-amino-5-arylazo-6-aryl substituted nicotinic acid, pyridazinone, and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives.

Results and discussion

Synthetic chemistry

The reaction of the 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazonopropanals 2 with the active methylene reagents has been investigated in the past [30]. Recently, it was shown that this reaction affords either arylazo-2-oxonicotinates 6 or pyridazinones 10 [31]. However, the factors that control the nature of the end product could not be defined. In the present article, we report the synthesis of several derivatives of 2 with electron-donating and -withdrawing substituents on the arylazo moiety and identified the exact structure of the products of their reaction with the active methylene reagents 3a,b. It could be concluded that the reaction of 3 with 2 having an electron-donating substituent on the arylazo moiety afforded only the pyridazinones 10 while reacting 3 with 2 having an electron-withdrawing substituent on the arylazo moiety either in the p, m, or o position or a mix of them affords only the 2-amino-5-arylazo-6-aryl substituted nicotinic acid derivatives 8. Thus compounds 2a-k were prepared via coupling of 1 with aromatic diazonium salts [30] (cf. Scheme 1 and Figure 1). Reacting 2a-g with ethyl cyanoacetate 3a or with malononitrile 3b affords the 2-amino-5-arylazo-6-aryl substituted nicotinates 8a-k as confirmed from accurate mass determination and elemental analyses. Moreover, the structures were also confirmed from the X-ray single crystal structure determination for 8a, 8b, 8c, and 8h (cf. Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5, Tables 1, 2, and Scheme 1). It is believed that initially the acyclic condensation products 4 were formed and then these cyclize to the pyranimine 5 that reacts with ammonia from the reaction medium to yield the acyclic intermediate 7 that further cyclizes into the final isolable 2-aminonicotinic acid derivatives 8. Under these conditions, no traces of the arylazo-2-oxonicotinates 6 or 2-hydroxy-5-arylazonicotinates were isolated as reported by Al-Mousawi et al. [31, 32]. On the other hand, the reaction of 2h-k having a phenyl or a phenyl substituted with an electron-donating group on the arylhydrazone moiety with 3a afforded the pyridazinones 10a-d. It is believed that also in this case, the acyclic intermediate 4 was formed and then cyclized via attack of the arylhydrazone moiety at CN to afford the pyridazine imine intermediate 9 that was hydrolyzed under the reaction conditions to yield the final isolable pyridazinone 10. The structure of 10 was also supported by both the classical analytical analyses and through the X-ray crystal structure determination for 10a (cf. Figure 6, Table 3, and Scheme 1). It is believed that the basicity of the hydrazone moiety of 2 controls the nature of the final product as it facilitates the reversible cyclization of the intermediate 4 and at the same time helps to stabilize the cyclized 9, thus allowing the hydrolysis step to proceed to form the pyridazinone 10. In contrast, cyclization of 4 is highly reversible and a competing cyclization reaction takes place resulting in formation of the pyranimine 5, which in the presence of ammonium ion led to the formation of the stable aromatic 2-aminonicotinic acid derivatives 8.

Scheme 1
scheme 1

Synthesis of 2-amino-5-arylazonicotinic acid 8 and pyridazinone derivatives 10.

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Figure 1
figure 1

ORTEP plot of the X-ray crystallographic data determined for 2a and 2h.

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Figure 2
figure 2

ORTEP plot of the X-ray crystallographic data determined for 8a.

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Figure 3
figure 3

ORTEP plot of the X-ray crystallographic data determined for 8b.

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Figure 4
figure 4

ORTEP plot of the X-ray crystallographic data determined for 8c.

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Figure 5
figure 5

ORTEP plot of the X-ray crystallographic data determined for 8h.

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Table 1 Selected bond lengths and bond angles for 8a
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Table 2 Selected bond lengths and bond angles for 8h
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Figure 6
figure 6

ORTEP plot of the X-ray crystallographic data determined for 10a.

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Table 3 Selected bond lengths and bond angles for 10a
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The obtained arylazoaminonicotinates are interesting precursors for the synthesis of a variety of a novel arylazoheterocycles that may possess interesting biological activities. Reaction of the 2-amino-5-arylazonicotinates 8 with acetic anhydride afforded the mono- and the di-acetylated products 11 and 12, respectively, depending upon the reaction time. The structures of the products 11a and 12 were confirmed by X-ray single crystal determination (cf. Scheme 2, Figures 7, 8).

Scheme 2
scheme 2

Synthesis of acylated azonicotinate derivatives 11 and 12.

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Figure 7
figure 7

ORTEP plot of the X-ray crystallographic data determined for 11a.

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Figure 8
figure 8

ORTEP plot of the X-ray crystallographic data determined for 12.

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Moreover, the 2-amino-5-arylazonicotinates 8 reacted with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMF-DMA) to yield the corresponding amidines 13. The amidines 13a,b reacted with ammonia in refluxing acetic acid to yield the corresponding pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 15a,b. The structures of these products were also confirmed by different spectroscopic analyses as illustrated in the experimental section. Furthermore, fusion of the azonicotinates 8f with thiourea afforded the corresponding pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 16 (cf. Scheme 3).

Scheme 3
scheme 3

Synthesis of pyrido[2,3- d ]pyrimidine derivatives 15 and 16.

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Antimicrobial activity

The novel chemical compounds synthesized in this study showed promising antimicrobial activities. In general, most of the tested compounds revealed better activity against Gram-positive rather than the Gram-negative bacteria and yeast. The results as depicted in Table 4 show strong activities against Gram-positive bacteria because all of the tested chemicals showed highly positive antimicrobial activities against B. subtilis with inhibition zones >10 mm. Only the tested chemical 1a displayed strong inhibitory effects on the growth of Escherichia coli (Gram-negative bacteria), Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive bacteria), which showed inhibition zones exceeding 10 mm. It also strongly inhibited the growth of Candida albicans (yeast) while the cycloheximide did not inhibit growth of this yeast. None of the chemicals except 1a inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacteria or yeast. Moreover compounds 2a, 2c, 2d, and 2g had high inhibitory activities against the Gram-positive bacteria S. aureus. The tested chemicals 8a-h and 10a-c displayed very strong inhibitory effects toward the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria B. subtilis with inhibition zones exceeding the reference chemotherapeutic ampicillin (cf. Table 4). Compounds 8a and 10c were also nearly as active as ampicillin against B. subtilis (MIC = 12.5 μg/mL). It was found that transformation of the enaminones 1 into the corresponding arylhydrazonals 2 generally decreased the inhibitory effects while transformation of the latter into the corresponding 2-amino-5-arylazo-6-aryl substituted nicotinates 8 or the pyridazinone 10 resulted in inhibition of the growth of only B. subtilis (Gram-positive bacteria) as revealed by the diameters of their inhibition zones. Conversely, conversion of the 2-aminoazonicotinates derivatives into the corresponding acetyl, diacetyl, or amidine derivatives exemplified by compounds 11, 12, and 13 unfortunately resulted in a decrease in the inhibitory effects but still had inhibition zones >10 mm. Fusing the pyridine ring into the bicyclic pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 15a,b and 16 enhanced the antimicrobial activity because the majority of these compounds were active against only the Gram-positive bacteria B. subtilis and S. aureus.

Table 4 Inhibition zone diameter (mm) of the tested chemicals that showed antimicrobial activities against the tested microorganisms
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  • Structure activity relationship

  • By comparing the experimental biological activity of the compounds reported in this study with their structures, the following structural activity relationship assumptions are postulated.

    • ➢ The pyridine or pyridazine moieties are necessary to observe the higher antibacterial activities towards the Gram-positive bacteria B. subtilis.

    • ➢ It is interesting to point out that for the azonicotinates 8 having an electron-withdrawing group in the arylazo moiety in the para-, meta- and ortho- positions like compounds 8a-e or having two electron-withdrawing groups in the arylazo moiety as in 8f and 8h results in higher antibacterial activity as evidenced by the inhibition zones that were similar (Table 4), and from the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values presented in Table 5. This indicates that high antimicrobial activity may be correlated with the low electron density of the ring systems and the role of an electron-withdrawing group in increasing the antimicrobial potency is similar to the results of Sharma et al.[33].

    • ➢ It is worth mentioning that changing the COOEt group to a CN group as in 8f and 8h has no significant effect on the biological activity.

    • ➢ The presence of a Me or OMe (electron-donating group) in the aryl moiety in position 2 as in the pyridazine 10b,c enhances the biological activity.

    • ➢ Transformation of the azonicotinates 8 to the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 15a,b and 16 does not significantly affect the biological activity against the Gram-positive bacteria B. subtilis.

Table 5 The MICs (μg/mL) of selected newly synthesized compounds against the tested microorganisms
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Experimental

General

Melting points were recorded on a Griffin melting point apparatus and are reported uncorrected. IR spectra were recorded using KBr disks using a Perkin-Elmer System 2000 FT-IR spectrophotometer. 1H-NMR (400 MHz) or (600 MHz) and 13C-NMR (100 MHz) or (150 MHz) spectra were recorded at 25°C in CDCl3 or DMSO-d 6 as solvent with TMS as internal standard on a Bruker DPX 400 or 600 super-conducting NMR spectrometer. Chemical shifts are reported in ppm. Mass spectra were measured using a high resolution GC-MS (DFS) thermo spectrometers with EI (70 EV). Microanalyses were performed on a LECO CHNS-932 Elemental Analyzer. Follow up of the reactions and checking homogeneity of the prepared compounds was made by thin layer chromatography (TLC). All single crystal data collections were made either on Rigaku R-AXIS RAPID diffractometer using Mo-Kα radiation (for samples 8a, 8c, 8h, 11a and 12) or on Bruker X8 Prospector using Cu- Kα radiation (for compounds 2a, 2h, 8b, and 10a). The data were collected at room temperature. The structure was solved by direct methods and was expanded using Fourier techniques. The non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. In the case of compounds 8a, 8c, 8h, 11a and 12, all calculations were performed using the Crystal Structure [34] crystallographic software package except for refinement, which was performed using SHELXL-97 [35]. In the case of 2a, 2h, 8b, and 10a the structure was solved and refined using the Bruker SHELXTL Software Package (Structure solution program- SHELXS-97 and Refinement program- SHELXL-97) [35] (cf. Additional files 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and Table 6). Data were corrected for the absorption effects using the multi-scan method (SADABS). The enaminones 1a,b and the arylhydrazonals 2a-k were prepared according to the literature procedure [30, 31].

Table 6 The crystallographic data for the measured compounds [36]
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General procedure for the preparation 2-amino-5-arylazo-6-aryl substituted nicotinates 8a-k

Independent mixtures of 2a-g (10 mmol), active methylenenitrile derivatives 3a,b (10 mmol), and ammonium acetate (2 g) in acetic acid (20 mL) were stirred at reflux for 1–2 h. (the progress of the reactions was monitored by using TLC using 1:1 ethyl acetate-petroleum ether as eluent). The mixtures were cooled and then poured into ice-water. The solids that so formed were collected by filtration and crystallized from the proper solvents to give 8a-k as pure products.

2-Amino-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-chlorophenylazo) nicotinic acid ethyl ester (8a)

Recrystallized from an EtOH/dioxane (3:1) mixture as orange crystals, yield: (80%), m.p. 208–210°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3409, 3278 (NH2), 1699 (CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.35 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 4.37 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.57-7.63 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.73 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.88, 8.14 (two br, 2H, NH2, D2O exchangeable) and 8.58 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 14.19 (CH3), 61.23 (CH2), 105.42 (pyridine C3), 124.12, 127.51, 127.71, 129.60, 132.75, 134.42, 135.02, 135.93, 136.38, 150.89, 159.79, 160.62 and 166.13 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 414 (M+, 100), 415 (M++1, 70.85). Anal. calcd. for C20H16Cl2N4O2 (415.28): C, 57.85; H, 3.88; N, 13.49. Found: C, 57.93; H, 3.77; N, 13.57.

2-Amino-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-nitrophenylazo)nicotinic acid ethyl ester (8b)

Recrystallized from an EtOH/dioxane (2:1) mixture as deep orange crystals, yield: (85%), m.p. 230–231°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3402, 3297 (NH2), 1717 (CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.36 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 4.36 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.58 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.80-7.86 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.98, 8.31 (two br, 2H, NH2, D2O exchangeable), 8.35 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H) and 8.57 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 14.11 (CH3), 61.25 (CH2), 105.60 (pyridine C3), 123.24, 125.03, 127.46, 127.70, 132.76, 134.58, 135.68, 136.65, 147.58, 155.58, 160.15, 161.64 and 165.94 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 425 (M+, 100), 426 (M++1, 57.92). Anal. calcd. for C20H16ClN5O4 (425.83): C, 56.41; H, 3.79; N, 16.45. Found: C, 56.50; H, 3.72; N, 16.40.

2-Amino-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(3-chlorophenylazo)nicotinic acid ethyl ester (8c)

Recrystallized from acetic acid as orange crystals, yield: (76%), m.p. 188–190°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3400, 3275 (NH2), 1688 (CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.35 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 4.35 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.52-7.57 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.61-7.66 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.78 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.87, 8.15 (two br, 2H, NH2, D2O exchangeable) and 8.51 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 14.60 (CH3), 61.65 (CH2), 105.85 (pyridine C3), 121.99, 122.14, 127.90, 128.03, 130.44, 131.57, 133.20, 134.48, 134.91, 136.31, 136.66, 153.70, 160.34, 161.26 and 166.51 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 414 (M+, 100), 415 (M++1, 67.45). Anal. calcd. for C20H16Cl2N4O2 (415.28): C, 57.85; H, 3.88; N, 13.49. Found: C, 57.78; H, 3.94; N, 13.42.

2-Amino-5-(3-bromophenylazo)-6-(4-chlorophenyl) nicotinic acid ethyl ester (8d)

Recrystallized from ethanol as deep yellow crystals, yield: (73%), m.p. 180–181°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3420, 3286 (NH2), 1697 (CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.35 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 4.35 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.48 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.55 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.64-7.70 (m, 2H, Ar-H), 7.75-7.80 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.88, 8.15 (two br, 2H, NH2, D2O exchangeable) and 8.51 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 14.19 (CH3), 61.24 (CH2), 105.45 (pyridine C3), 122.19, 122.50, 124.44, 127.52, 127.63, 131.51, 132.80, 132.92, 134.49, 135.88, 136.24, 153.41, 159.93, 160.94 and 166.09 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 459 (M+, 100), 460 (M++1, 69.55). Anal. calcd. for C20H16BrClN4O2 (459.73): C, 52.25; H, 3.51; N, 12.19. Found: C, 52.33; H, 3.45; N, 12.23.

2-Amino-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-nitrophenylazo)nicotinic acid ethyl ester (8e)

Recrystallized from an dioxane mixture as orange crystals, yield: (88%), m.p. 221–222°C; IR (KBr): v/cm−1 3394, 3280 (NH2), 1704 (CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.33 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 4.35 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.50 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.67 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.76-7.82 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.95, 8.31 (two br, 2H, NH2, D2O exchangeable), 8.05 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar-H) and 8.47 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 14.07 (CH3), 61.26 (CH2), 105.69 (pyridine C3), 118.66, 124.14, 127.78, 128.04, 130.73, 132.66, 133.57, 134.58, 135.68, 136.81, 144.31, 147.05, 160.12, 161.46 and 165.90 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 425 (M+, 17.25), 426 (M++1, 7.05). HRMS (EI): m/z calcd. for C20H1635ClN5O4 (M+) 425.0885, found 425.0881.

2-Amino-5-(2-chloro-5-nitrophenylazo)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)nicotinic acid ethyl ester (8f)

Recryst- allized from DMF as deep orange crystals, yield: (89%), m.p. 266–268°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3378, 3281 (NH2), 1709 (CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.35 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 4.38 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.57 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.85 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.96-8.41 (m, 5H, 3Ar-H and NH2) and 8.63 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 , at 100°C): δ = 13.95 (CH 3 CH2), 61.24 (CH3CH 2 ), 106.27 (pyridine C3), 112.67, 124.64, 127.54, 128.12, 131.94, 132.63, 134.75, 135.81, 137.06, 139.12, 147.22, 148.64, 160.30, 161.67 and 165.88 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 459 (M+, 100), 460 (M++1, 71.22). Anal. calcd. for C20H15Cl2N5O4 (460.28): C, 52.19; H, 3.28; N, 15.22. Found: C, 52.23; H, 3.35; N, 15.19.

2-Amino-5-(4-chlorophenylazo)-6-(4-nitrophenyl)nicotinic acid ethyl ester (8g)

Recrystallized from an EtOH/dioxane (2:1) mixture as orange crystals, yield: (74%), m.p. 205–206°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3410, 3311 (NH2), 1723 (CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.37 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 4.39 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.61(d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.73(d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 8.05 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.92, 8.20 (two br, 2H, NH2, D2O exchangeable), 8.37 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H) and 8.62 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 14.62 (CH3), 61.78 (CH2), 106.68 (pyridine C3), 123.16, 124.65, 128.07, 130.04, 132.60, 135.64, 137.06, 143.94, 148.19, 151.27, 157.18, 160.23 and 166.44 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 425 (M+, 100), 426 (M++1, 85.15). Anal. calcd. for C20H16ClN5O4 (425.83): C, 56.41; H, 3.79; N, 16.45. Found: C, 56.48; H, 3.85; N, 16.52.

2-Amino-5-(2-chloro-5-nitrophenylazo)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)nicotinonitrile (8h)

Recrystallized from DMSO as reddish brown crystals, yield: (77%), m.p. above 300°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3489, 3379 (NH2), 2220 (CN), 1628(C=N); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 7.57 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.81 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.96 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.10 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.17 (br, 2H, NH2, D2O exchangeable), 8.27 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H, Ar-H) and 8.36 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 90.85 (pyridine C3), 112.58, 115.83, 125.24, 127.69, 131.14, 132.13, 132.81, 134.92, 135.42, 136.15, 139.71, 146.97, 148.04, 160.51 and 161.67 ppm (CN and Ar-C); MS (EI): m/z (%) 412 (M+, 100), 413 (M++1, 61.45). Anal. calcd. for C18H10Cl2N6O2 (413.23): C, 52.32; H, 2.44; N, 20.34. Found: C, 52.25; H, 2.53; N, 20.40.

2-Amino-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-chlorophenylazo)nicotinonitrile (8i)

Recrystallized from dioxane as brown crystals, yield: (69%), m.p. 278–280°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3441, 3338 (NH2), 2213 (CN), 1656 (C=N); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 7.53-7.59 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.79 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.84 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 8.10 (br, 2H, NH2, D2O exchangeable) and 8.34 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); MS (EI): m/z (%) 367 (M+, 74.75), 368 (M++1, 29.50). Anal. calcd. for C18H11Cl2N5 (368.23): C, 58.71; H, 3.01; N, 19.02. Found: C, 58.62; H, 2.95; N, 19.11.

2-Amino-5-(3-bromophenylazo)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)nicotinonitrile (8j)

Recrystallized from dioxane as brown crystals, yield: (72%), m.p. above 300°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3424, 3317 (NH2), 2208(CN), 1639(C=N); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 7.56-7.63 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 7.77-7.91 (m, 3H, 1 Ar-H and NH2), 7.97 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H) and 8.22 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); MS (EI): m/z (%) 412 (M+, 100), 413 (M++1, 31.26). Anal. calcd. for C18H11BrClN5 (412.68): C, 52.39; H, 2.69; N, 16.97. Found: C, 52.47; H, 2.75; N, 17.05.

2-Amino-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2-nitrophenylazo)nicotinonitrile (8k)

Recrystallized from a DMF/dioxane (1:1) mixture as yellowish brown crystals: (70%), m.p. 275–276°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3477, 3367 (NH2), 2222 (CN), 1635 (C=N); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 7.48 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.57 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.67 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.77-7.79 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 8.04-8.10 (m, 3H, 1 Ar-H and NH2, D2O exchangeable), 8.16 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 90.62 (pyridine C3), 115.89, 118.52, 124.17, 127.83, 131.02, 131.20, 132.65, 133.59, 134.79, 135.44, 136.42, 144.07, 147.18, 160.30 and 161.14 ppm (Ar-C and CN); MS (EI): m/z (%) 478 (M+, 100), 426 (M++1, 46.55). HRMS (EI): m/z calcd. for C18H1135ClN6O2 (M+) 378.0626, found 378.0627.

General procedure for the preparation pyridazine derivatives 10a-d

Independent mixtures of 2h-k (10 mmol), ethyl cyanoacetate 3a (1.15 g, 10 mmol), and ammonium acetate (2 g) in acetic acid (20 mL) were stirred at reflux for 1–2 h. (the progress of the reactions was monitored by using TLC using 1:1 ethyl acetate-petroleum ether as eluent). The mixtures were cooled and then poured into iced water. The solids that so formed were collected by filtration and recrystallized from the proper solvents to give 10a-d as pure products.

6-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyridazine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (10a)

Recrystallized from an EtOH as yellow crystals, yield: (75%), m.p. 140–141°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 1715, 1690 (CO and CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.32 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 4.35 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.46–7.55 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.60–7.62 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 8.04 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), and 8.33 ppm (s, 1H, pyridazine H5); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 13.97 (CH3), 61.86 (CH2), 125.94, 128.48, 128.87, 128.95, 131.06, 131.93, 132.41, 133.75, 138.38, 141.04, 141.27, 155.92, 162.60, and 187.71 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 382 (M+, 100), 383 (M++1, 32.85). Anal. calcd. for C20H15ClN2O4 (382.81): C, 62.75; H, 3.95; N, 7.32. Found: C, 62.82; H, 3.92; N, 7.28.

6-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)-3-oxo-2-p-tolyl-2,3-dihydropyridazine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (10b)

Recrystallized from EtOH as yellow crystals, yield: (69%), m.p. 94–95°C; IR (KBr): v/cm−1 1753, 1687 (CO and CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.31 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 2.37 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.35 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.33 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.49 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 8.03 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H) and 8.32 ppm (s, 1H, pyridazine H5); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 14.43 (CH3), 21.19 (CH3), 62.29 (CH2), 126.13, 128.91, 129.73, 131.41, 132.22, 132.85, 134.26, 138.75, 139.07, 139.10, 141.62, 156.38, 163.09 and 188.16 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 396 (M+, 100), 397 (M++1, 34.52). Anal. calcd. for C21H17ClN2O4 (396.83): C, 63.56; H, 4.32; N, 7.06. Found: C, 63.63; H, 4.26; N, 7.15.

6-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydropyridazine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (10c)

Recrystallized from EtOH as yellow crystals, yield: (72%), m.p. 132–133°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 1757, 1679 (CO and CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.32 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 3.81 (s, 3H, OCH3), 4.35 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.06 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.53 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 8.03 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H) and 8.31 ppm (s, 1H, pyridazine H5); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 14.43 (CH3), 55.94 (CH3), 62.28 (CH2), 114.37, 127.63, 128.92, 131.28, 132.15, 132.86, 134.29, 134.40, 138.74, 141.51, 156.46, 159.75, 163.14 and 188.22 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 412 (M+, 100), 413 (M++1, 28.95). Anal. calcd. for C21H17ClN2O5 (412.83): C, 61.10; H, 4.15; N, 6.79. Found: C, 61.17; H, 4.21; N, 6.75.

6-(4-Chlorobenzoyl)-2-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-3-oxo-2,3-dihydropyridazine-4-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (10d)

Recrystallized from EtOH as pale yellow crystals, yield: (70%), m.p. 96–97°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 1746, 1692 (CO and CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.33 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 2.00 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.31 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.35 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.24-7.31 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.58 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.95 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H) and 8.38 ppm (s, 1H, pyridazine H5); MS (EI): m/z (%) 410 (M+, 100), 411 (M++1, 35.14). Anal. calcd. for C22H19ClN2O4 (410.86): C, 64.32; H, 4.66; N, 6.82. Found: C, 64.36; H, 4.73; N, 6.89.

General procedure for the preparation compounds 11a-c and 12

Independent solutions of the azonicotinates 8a,c,f (10 mmol) in acetic anhydride (10 mL) were stirred at reflux for 4 h. in case of compounds 11a-c and for 12 h. in case of compound 12. Then, the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, the formed crude product was collected by filtration washed with ethanol and recrystallized from the proper solvent.

2-Acetylamino-5-(2-chloro-5-nitrophenylazo)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)nicotinic acid ethyl ester (11a)

Recrystallized from EtOH/dioxane (2:1) mixture as reddish orange crystals, yield: (83%), m.p. 257–258°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3231 (NH), 1719, 1673 (2 CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.30 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 2.23 (s, 3H, COCH 3 ), 4.29 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.64 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.91 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 8.06 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.20 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.39 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.43 (s, 1H, pyridine H4) and 11.22 ppm (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 14.49 (CH3), 24.38 (CH3), 61.78 (CH2), 113.36, 119.16, 126.98, 128.44, 129.16, 131.98, 132.11, 132.78, 133.57, 135.32, 135.57, 141.21, 147.48, 148.45, 158.16, 165.63 and 170.34 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 501 (M+, 100), 502 (M++1, 72.45). Anal. calcd. for C22H17Cl2N5O5 (502.32): C, 52.61; H, 3.41; N, 13.94. Found: C, 52.64; H, 3.37; N, 13.88.

2-Acetylamino-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(4-chlorophenylazo)nicotinic acid ethyl ester (11b)

Recrys- tallized from EtOH/dioxane (3:1) mixture as orange crystals, yield: (77%), m.p. 103–104°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3278 (NH), 1721, 1685 (CO and CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.30 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 2.21 (s, 3H, COCH 3 ), 4.28 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.63 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.69 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.85-7.88 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 8.40 (s, 1H, pyridine H4) and 11.10 ppm (s, 1H, NH); MS (EI): m/z (%) 456 (M+, 76.92), 457 (M++1, 67.22). Anal. calcd. for C22H18Cl2N4O3 (457.32): C, 57.78; H, 3.97; N, 12.25. Found: C, 57.86; H, 3.88; N, 12.27.

2-Acetylamino-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(3-chlorophenylazo)nicotinic acid ethyl ester (11c)

Recrystallized from EtOH/dioxane (3:1) mixture as orange crystals, yield: (79%), m.p. 210–211°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3245 (NH), 1709, 1680(2 CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.30 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 2.21 (s, 3H, COCH 3 ), 4.28 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.62-7.66 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.81-7.87 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 8.39 (s, 1H, pyridine H4) and 11.11 ppm (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 14.04 (CH3), 23.91 (CH3), 61.27 (CH2), 122.17, 124.06, 126.98, 127.98, 131.40, 132.93, 134.21, 134.86, 135.02, 136.95, 139.80, 140.70, 142.90, 150.33, 156.69, 165.26 and 169.75 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 456 (M+, 91.14), 457 (M++1, 85.08). Anal. calcd. for C22H18Cl2N4O3 (457.32): C, 57.78; H, 3.97; N, 12.25. Found: C, 57.69; H, 3.93; N, 12.31.

5-(2-Chloro-5-nitrophenylazo)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-diacetylaminonicotinic acid ethyl ester (12)

Recrystallized from EtOH as red crystals, yield: (89%), m.p. 229–230°C; IR (KBr): v/cm−1 3231 (NH), 1720, 1705, 1681 (3 CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.31 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 2.31 (s, 6H, 2COCH 3 ), 4.36 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.64 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.91 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 8.10 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.23 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.45 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, Ar-H) and 8.64 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 14.34 (CH3), 26.75 (CH3), 62.67 (CH2), 113.56, 124.98, 127.68, 128.44, 128.73, 129.79, 132.93, 133.57, 133.76, 134.51, 136.14, 141.32, 144.73, 147.51, 148.43, 152.96, 158.34, 163.37 and 172.37 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 543 (M+, 8.55), 544 (M++1, 2.95). Anal. calcd. for C24H19Cl2N5O6 (544.35): C, 52.96; H, 3.52; N, 12.87. Found: C, 53.02; H, 3.45; N, 12.94.

General procedure for the preparation of amidines 13a-b

Independent mixtures of the 2-amino-5-arylazonicotinates 8d,f (5 mmol), N,N-dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMF-DMA) (0.6 mL, 5 mmol) in dry toluene (20 mL) were stirred at reflux for 4 h. The separated solid product obtained on standing at room temperature was collected by filtration, washed by EtOH and recrystallized from dioxane to afford the corresponding amidines 13a,b as pure products.

5-(3-Bromophenylazo)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(dimethyl-aminomethyleneamino)nicotinic acid ethyl ester (13a)

reddish brown crystals, yield: (72%), m.p. 226.-227°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 1727 (CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.33 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 3.10 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.21 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.34 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.56-770 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.77-7.88 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 8.21 (s, 1H, amidine H) and 8.75 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); MS (EI): m/z (%) 514 (M+, 100), 515 (M++1, 42.57). Anal. calcd. for C23H21BrClN5O2 (514.81): C, 53.66; H, 4.11; N, 13.60. Found: C, 53.74; H, 4.15; N, 13.53.

5-(2-Chloro-5-nitrophenylazo)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(dimethylaminomethyleneamino)nicotinic acid ethyl ester (13b)

red crystals, yield: (79%), m.p. 196–197°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 1745 (CO ester); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 1.33 (t, 3H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH 3 CH2), 3.12 (s, 3H, CH3), 3.23 (s, 3H, CH3), 4.33 (q, 2H, J = 7.2 Hz, CH3CH 2 ), 7.57 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.91 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.99 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.16 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.23 (s, 1H, amidine H), 8.30 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, Ar-H) and 8.82 ppm (s, 1H, pyridine H4); ); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 14.52 (CH 3 CH2), 35.29 (CH3), 40.84 (CH3), 61.23 (CH3CH 2 ), 113.22, 122.14, 125.54, 125.92, 128.08, 132.50, 133.30, 134.95, 136.80, 139.98, 140.08, 147.72, 149.14, 157.25, 158.55, 162.17 and 166.99 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 514 (M+, 100), 515 (M++1, 68.14). Anal. calcd. for C23H20Cl2N6O4 (515.36): C, 53.60; H, 3.91; N, 16.31. Found: C, 53.57; H, 3.87; N, 16.24.

General Procedure for the Preparation of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one 15a-b

Independent solutions of the amidines 13a,b (5 mmol) in AcOH (20 mL) containing ammonium acetate (1.5 g) were stirred at reflux for 4 h. Then, the reaction mixtures were cooled to room temperature and poured onto ice cold water. The crude products were collected by filtration, washed with water and recrystallized from the appropriate solvent to afford the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin derivatives 15a,b.

6-(3-Bromophenylazo)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-3H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (15a)

Reddish brown crystals, yield: (70%), m.p. 290–291°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3201 (NH), 1707 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 7.57-7.64 (m, 3H, Ar-H), 7.79-7.88 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 7.95 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.46 (s, 1H, pyrimidine H2), 8.63 (s, 1H, pyridine H5) and 12.78 ppm (s, 1H, NH) ; 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 117.54, 122.58, 122.74, 123.05, 125.18, 127.98, 131.67, 133.01, 134.59, 134.99, 135.56, 143.13, 150.50, 153.10, 159.76, 160.48 and 161.66 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 440 (M+, 100), 441 (M++1, 36.87). Anal. calcd. for C19H11BrClN5O (440.69): C, 51.79; H, 2.52; N, 15.89. Found: C, 51.87; H, 2.46; N, 15.92.

6-(2-Chloro-5-nitrophenylazo)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-3H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (15b)

Reddish brown crystals, yield: (74%), m.p. above 300°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3212 (NH), 1702 ( CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 7.62 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.87 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 8.04 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.16 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.37 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.46 (s, 1H, pyrimidine H2), 8.66 (s, 1H, pyridine H5) and 12.74 ppm (s, 1H, NH); 13C-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 112.84, 117.23, 123.10, 126.31, 127.88, 132.31, 133.12, 134.84, 135.78, 135.93, 140.48, 142.44, 146.98, 148.06, 154.98, 158.82 and 160.94 ppm (Ar-C and CO); MS (EI): m/z (%) 440 (M+, 100), 441 (M++1, 55.15). Anal. calcd. for C19H10Cl2N6O3 (441.24): C, 51.72; H, 2.28; N, 19.05. Found: C, 51.68; H, 2.34; N, 19.13.

6-(2-Chloro-5-nitrophenylazo)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)2-thioxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (16)

A mixture of compound 8f (1.15 g, 2.5 mmol), thiourea (0.2 g, 2.5 mmol), and a few drops from DMF was fused together in an oil bath under nitrogen gas at 250°C for 15 min, the fused mass was dissolved in DMF and poured onto ice cold water, the solid obtained was recrystallized from dioxane/DMF (2:1) to give compounds 16 as brown crystals, yield: (64%), m.p. above 300°C; IR (KBr): v /cm−1 3326, 3264 (2NH), 1701 (CO); 1H-NMR (DMSO-d 6 ): δ = 7.57 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 7.85 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H, Ar-H), 8.13 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.24 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 8.41 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 8.59 (s, 1H, pyridine H5), 9.17 (s, 1H, NH), and 12.45 ppm (s, 1H, NH); MS (EI): m/z (%) 472 (M+, 58.56), 473 (M++1, 16.77). Anal. calcd. for C19H10Cl2N6O3S (473.30): C, 48.22; H, 2.13 N, 17.76; S, 6.77. Found: C, 48.10; H, 2.17; N, 17.65; S, 6.62.

Antimicrobial evaluation

Methodology

The antimicrobial activities of newly synthesized 22 different chemical compounds were tested using the Agar-well diffusion technique (Isaacson and Kirchbaum) [37] against five different microbial cultures. Pure cultures of E. coli (Culture #0680P, Microbiologics, St. Cloud, MN, USA) and P. aeruginosa (Culture #0416P, Microbiologics) (Gram-negative bacteria), B. subtilis (Culture #0269P, Microbiologics), and S. aureus (Culture #0831P, Microbiologics) (Gram-positive bacteria) and C. albicans (yeast) (Culture #155965, Carolina Biological Supply, Burlington, NC, USA) were involved in the test. Bacterial strain cultures were cultivated in Mueller–Hinton broth (Difco) for all the bacterial strains after 24 h of incubation at 37°C. The yeasts were propagated in Sabouraud dextrose broth (Difco) after incubation for 24 h at 25°C, [38, 39] an aliquot of 0.1 ml of each bacterial strain was inoculated and spread on nutrient agar (NA), while 0.1 ml of the yeast was spread on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The inoculated plates were supplied with 100 μl of each of the tested chemicals with a total final concentration of 1 mg ml-1. The chemicals were included in 4-mm wells produced by a sterile cork borer. The NA plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h while PDA plates were incubated at 25°C for 48 h. The zones of inhibition around the wells were determined and the average based on three replicas was recorded. Ampicillin and cycloheximide (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) both used as references in the experiment where ampicillin was used as an antibacterial drug, which is known to inhibit prokaryotes organisms while cycloheximide was used as an antifungal drug, which is known to inhibit eukaryotic organisms. The MIC measurement was determined for compounds with inhibition zones >12 mm using a two-fold serial dilution technique [40]. The inhibition zone diameters values cited in Table 4 are attributed to the tested original concentration (1 mg/mL) as a preliminary test and the MIC (μg/mL) values are recorded in Table 5.

MIC measurement

The microdilution susceptibility test in Müllere-Hinton Broth (Difco) and Sabouraud dextrose broth (Difco) at pH 7.4 was used for the determination of the antibacterial and antifungal activities, respectively [38, 39, 41]. Stock solutions of the tested compounds, ampicillin and cycloheximide, were prepared in DMSO at a concentration of 1000 μg/mL. Each stock solution was diluted to prepare serial two-fold dilutions at concentrations in the range of 500–3.125 μg/mL. The microorganism suspensions at approximately 105 CFU/mL concentrations were inoculated to the corresponding 96-well plates. The sealed microplates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h for antibacterial activity and at 25°C for 48 h for antifungal activity in a humid chamber. At the end of the incubation period, the MIC values were recorded as the lowest concentrations of the substance that will inhibit the visible growth of the microorganisms (had no visible turbidity). Control experiments with DMSO and uninoculated media were run parallel to the tested compounds under the same conditions.

Conclusions

In this study, a general rule for the synthesis of 2-amino-5-arylazo-6-aryl substituted nicotinic acids and pyridazinones was established using 3-oxo-2-arylhydrazonopropanals as precursors. Moreover, a novel route to pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine was achieved. The antimicrobial activities of the resulting novel 2-amino-5-arylazonicotinates, pyridazinone, and pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives were investigated with the hope of discovering new structure leads that could serve as antibacterial and antifungal agents. The results of the antimicrobial activities revealed that most of these compounds were found to exhibit strong inhibitory effects on the growth of the Gram-positive bacteria especially B. subtilis. Compounds 1a, 8a-g, 10a-c, 15b, and 16 showed considerable antimicrobial activity against B. subtilis (Gram-positive bacteria). The results of biological evaluations demonstrated that most of these compounds had promising antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria.