1. Background

Plexiform neurofibromas (PNFs) are benign nerve tumor resulting from aberrant growth of the cells of nerve sheath. They are usually congenital, but they may instead present during the first year as a subtle soft-tissue enlargement or a large patch of cutaneous hyperpigmentation. PNFs are generally painless, slowly growing neoplasmas. Although most neoplasms are asymptomatic, they can be particularly debilitating due to their potential to grow to very large sizes. Presenting symptoms depend on the location of the tumors. Tumors of head, neck, and face are most common, followed by facial disfigurement and lesions of the spine, extremities, and abdomen [1]. Early childhood, puberty, and childbearing age are considered to be the periods of greatest risk for disease progression. Furthermore, PNFs have a potential for transformation into highly malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, which occur in approximately 5% of patients [2]. Unfortunately, there is no accepted effective medical treatment for PNFs. Current management of this disease is limited to surgical resection, but they are usually difficult to completely remove and tend to regrow. Decisions about surgical treatment and frequency of follow-up must be made judiciously and individualized for each patient [3]. Previous studies found that PNFs can be associated with pectus excavatum (PE) [4, 5], which is the most common chest wall malformation and one of the most frequent major congenital anomalies. Here, we present a case of giant chest wall PNF associated with PE.

2. Case Report

A 12-years-old boy with known neurofibromas type 1 (NF1) came to the hospital, stating that a lifelong mass on the anterior chest wall had grown steadily to its present size. He also presented with an 8 years history of increasing depression of the anterior chest wall. Systematic questioning of the patient and his parents elicited no description of significant symptoms. However, the mass was increasingly prominent and the chest wall depression became progressively worse with age, causing the patient considerable emotional distress. Physical examination revealed a soft, fixed, painless mass originating from the anterior chest wall. The mass was associated with thinning of the skin, hyperpigmentation, and it surrounded by numerous café-au-lait spots. Below the mass, a substantial chest wall depression was found (Figure 1). Pathological examination performed at another Triple A hospital 6 months ago showed a benign PNF. Computer tomographic scan showed a well-defined heterogeneous soft tissue density tumor without signs of erosion of the rib and sternum (Figure 2). The posterior depression of the chest wall was associated with severe rotation of the sternum, leading to displacement of the heart to the left (Figure 3). The findings were consistent with PNFs and an asymmetric PE.

Figure 1
figure 1

Preoperative photograph of the chest wall.

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Figure 2
figure 2

At the level of third thoracic vertebra, CT scan shows a well-define mass in the anterior chest wall without clear signs of infiltration of surrounding structures.

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Figure 3
figure 3

At the level of sixth thoracic vertebra, CT scan shows marked sternal rotation (the sternum is rotated by almost 90 degrees) and depression, with a pectus index of 3.9.

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Given the size and location of the mass and the risk of malignant transformation, the patient was referred to plastic surgery for excision. The patient was placed in the supine position after general anesthesia. Frozen section was performed routinely at the beginning of the procedure to exclude malignancy. Surgical technique for repair of the PE was based on the modified Nuss procedure. One small vertical skin incision was made in the midaxillary line each side. A bilateral submuscular tunnel was created using a blunt dissection through bilateral thoracic skin incisions. The use of thoracoscopic visualization was not used. An appropriate introducer (Lorenz surgical Inc, Jacksonville, FL, USA) was placed into the tunnel from left side. The tip of the introducer was kept in contacting with the anterior thoracic wall while the introducer was slowly advanced across the retrosternal space. Subsequently, the introducer was slowly advanced across the opposite intercostal space and brought out through the incision on the right side. The bar was attached to the tip of the introducer and the introducer was slowly withdrawn from the tunnel followed by the bar with the bar's convexity facing posteriorly until it emerges on the contralateral side. The bar was placed directly on the ribs in the submuscular position. Both the bar and the stabilizer were fixed together onto the underlying rib with multiple interrupted non-absorbable sutures. An excision of the entire soft tissue mass was carried out right after the Nuss procedure. The visible tumor was of grayish color and of a gelatine-like consistency, stating immediately below a layer of subepidermal fat and did not extend deep to the pectoralis major. A 21.0 × 17.5 × 5.0 cm mass was successfully resected. Signs of erosion of the rib and sternum were no found. After excision of the bulky skin, two Redon drain was inserted and the wound was closed without tension. The patient received an epidural catheter for perioperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for 4 days, and had a good postoperative recovery without complications. He and his parents expressed satisfaction with the cosmetic relief which achieved by the resection and reconstruction. 4 years later (1 year after the Nuss bar removal) the patient is well and free from tumor and PE recurrence (Figure 4).

Figure 4
figure 4

The 4-years postoperative photograph of the chest wall.

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3. Discussion

NF1 is one of the most common human genetic diseases. It has an incidence of 1 in 3000-4000 individuals and affects male and female subjects equally in all races. PNFs are considered pathognomonic for neurofibromatosis [6]. Clinically, the growth patterns of PNFs can be classified into 3 categories: superficial, displacing, and invasive. Superficial PNF arise from subcutaneous or cutaneous nerves and may remain within the upper skin layers. They occur as a result of proliferation of all supporting elements of the nerve fibers, including Schwann cell, perineurial cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, and infiltration of mast cells. Invasive lesions infiltrate multiple tissue planes and cannot be resected without functional disturbance [7]. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors sometimes arise from preexisting PNFs. Therefore, rapid growth of a PNF and onset of clinical neurologic deficits should prompt an immediate evaluation for malignant transition [3]. However, clinical alone do not allow differentiation of malignant tumors and benign PNF. Such tumors should be further examined with CT scan and/or open biopsy, and closely monitored clinical and with MRI.

Clinical management for the PNF requires a multidisciplinary approach and the use of a multi-speciality Neurofibromatosis clinic is desirable. However, current treatment options for PNF are limited to surgical intervention, and there is debate in the literature regarding the timing of operation and extent of resection. Some authors suggest that early resection of smaller tumors may minimize the extent of local involvement [1]. Others have countered that complete resection is often impossible and so cannot justify resection in asymptomatic children for whom there is a significant potential for regrowth of the residual tumor [3]. Needle et al [8] have found that age less than 10 years at operation is a prognostic for progression of the lesions. But there is no denying the fact that the resection of a giant benign tumor can be important in minimizing cosmetics deformities. The clinical presentations of PNF in an individual, in addition to the emotional burden of carrying the disease and social stigma, have a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. The PNF presented in this report had been slowly growing for 12 years, but the boy kept it hidden from public view for social reason by constantly wearing heavy clothes. The resection of the large tumor can improve patients' condition and provide good quality of life [9].

Asymmetry of the thorax (pectus excavatum, etc), kyphoscoliosis, and segmental bone hypertrophy of the leg are the skeletal abnormalities previous reported with PNFs [1, 4, 5]. Whether this association of pectus excavatum is a manifestation of the giant tumor or an incidental finding is unclear based on our case. Further case reports or studies are needed to establish the significant of this phenomenon.

Historically, PE was repaired with chondrosternal resection, or some combination of cartilage incision and osteotomy with or without external or internal fixation [10, 11]. Minimally invasive repair of PE (MIRPE), also known as Nuss procedure, has changed the perception and understanding about surgical treatment. This method of repair offers a less traumatic procedure preservation of the costal cartilages. To prevent the occurrence of bar dislocation and cardiac perforation, submuscular bar, multiple pericostal bar fixation and bilateral thoracoscopy were advocated to use in PE patients, especially in patients with extremely deep depressions [12, 13]. In this patient, the passage of introducer below the sternum was performed from the left to the right side. We maintained the tip of the introducer in direct contact with the anterior thoracic wall during passage to the other side, therefore moving from the heart and lung [14, 15].

In the literature, surgical management of cardiac anomalies or other intrathoracic diseases and associated chest deformity has been well documented [16, 17]. Prior thoracic surgery is not a limiting factor for the Nuss procedure [17]. In this case, we started with Nuss procedure and followed by excision of PNF. The wound was closed without tension and the pain after Nuss procedure was managed with PCA, both of which would significantly reduce the risk of wound dehiscence.

Declaration

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication this case report and accompanying images. A copy of the written consent is available for review by the Editor-in Chief of this journal.