Introduction

It is widely believed that osteoarthritis develops from an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes or homeostasis of cartilage metabolism [1, 2]. The etiology of this disease is related to genetic association [3]. Recently, several studies have demonstrated the polymorphism in many genes which might be related to the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis [4–14]. Growth Differentiation Factor 5 or GDF5 gene regulates the expression of the GDF5 protein which is closely related to BMP and is a member of TGF-beta superfamily [15]. It has a role in regulation of the chondrogenesis and the defect in this gene might be correlated to the abnormal joint development [15]. It has been reported in animal study that GDF5 knockout mice develops knee joint anomaly [16]. Moreover, it has been shown that he polymorphism in GDF5 gene is related with low expression of the GDF5 protein in knee joint [17].

The large scale analysis has shown that the association of this polymorphism (rs143383) in promoter area might be a risk factor of the osteoarthritis [18]. In addition, studies of this genetic variant in China and Japan have shown the association of T allele and knee OA [19]. However, there is a report from Greece which had an inconsistent result and found no an association [20]. The genetic susceptibility of the disease in different ethnic cannot be applied to others because each ethnic has a different genetic background. There is a gap of information about this polymorphism in Thai population, therefore the objective of this study is to determine the association of the SNP rs143383 in GDF5 gene and knee OA in Thai population.

Patients and Methods

Subjects

Our study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. All patients recruited in the study were Thai by nationality and had ancestors settled in Thailand for at least three generations. In total, 90 patients with knee OA who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and 103 patients without knee OA were enrolled from Department of Orthopedics, Ramathibodi Hospital. Informed consent was performed after the purpose of the research project and it had been clearly explained to the patients. The diagnosis of knee OA was based on the American College of Rheumatology criteria [21]. Both OA and control groups were interviewed to obtain demographic data and all of established risk factors. Thereafter, standard weight-bearing antero-posterior and lateral view of knee radiographs were taken to confirm the diagnosis of OA by Kellgren and Lawrence scores (KL scores) [22].

Laboratory technique

PCR-RFLP for BsiEI restriction site was used for SNP in GDF-5 identification

Firstly, 5 ml peripheral blood sample was collected from patient using ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid as an anticoagulant and processed for SNP analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from buffy coat leukocytes using the standard phenol-chloroform method. PCR primers to amplify the promoter area of GDF5 gene were designed by the Primer-3 web-based tool [23]: GATTTTTTCTGAGCACCTGCAGG (forward) and GTGTGTGTTTGTATCCAG (reverse). 50 μl PCR mixture contained 100 ng of genomic DNA, 20 pmol of each primer, 0.2 μ M of each dNTP, 1 unit of Taq DNA polymerase (AmpliTaq®, Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA), 3.0 mM MgCl2 in 10 × PCR buffer containing 10 mmol of Tri-HCl pH 9.0, 10 mmol KCl and 0.1% Triton X-100 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). PCR reaction was started with an initial denaturation at 95°C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of amplification in a thermocycler (PCR Sprint, Thermofisher, Waltham, MA) with denaturation at 94°C for 1 min, annealing at 58°C for 1 min, extension at 72°C for 1 min, and final extension at 72°C for 10 min. Then, 10 μL of PCR product was incubated at 37°C with 3 units of BsiEI for 4 hours under the manufacturer's recommended conditions (New England Biolabs, Ipswich, MA). The digested product was electrophoresed on 2% agarose gel with ethidium bromide staining before being visualized on a UV transilluminator (Figure 1). The expected fragment length was 104 and 230 bp in CC, 104, 230, and 344 bp in TC, and 344 bp in TT genotypes, respectively.

Figure 1
figure 1

shows the bands of each genotype in the electrophoresis gel: A represents TT, B represents CC and C represents TC.

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Statistical analyses

Analysis of demographic data was performed by Excel 2007 (Microsoft®Excel®). The unpaired t-test was used for continuous data and Chi-square was used for categorical data. Allele frequencies, Odds ratio and the probability for Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium were estimated and analyzed as explained by following website; http://ihg.gsf.de/cgi-bin/hw/hwa1.pl.

Results

In our study, the average age of patients in the knee OA group was significant older than in the control. BMI which is one of the risk factor of knee OA was also slightly higher in the OA patient group. However, other possible risk factors which might be related to OA as well as patient life style were comparable between these two groups. The baseline characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1. The prevalence of allele T and C in our sample was normally distributed according to the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (p-value < 0.05). The comparison of the number and odd ratio of genotype TT, TC, TT+TC with CC of GDF5 polymorphism (rs143383) in the promoter area between case and control is demonstrated in Table 2. When analyzing by allele (shown in table 3), the odds ratio of T allele was 1.53 (95%C.I. = 1.01-2.31), which delineated the increase in risk to develop knee OA. Our result shown that this polymorphism, T/C, is inherited by autosomal recessive manner as the TT genotype increases risk of the disease significantly (OR = 2.41, 95%C.I. = 1.02-5.67), whereas the TC has no significant difference.

Table 1 Shows the base line characteristics between cases and controls
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Table 2 Shows the association between each genotype and risk of knee OA
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Table 3 Shows the association between allele and knee OA
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Discussion and Conclusion

Our study has shown the statistically significant association between polymorphism in promoter of GDF5 gene (rs143383) and knee osteoarthritis in Thai population. We found that T allele in GDF5 polymorphism was a significant risk factor for knee osteoarthritis with Odds ratio 1.53 (95%C.I. = 1.01-2.31). When analysed by genotype, it was found that the TT genotype increased risk of knee OA, whereas TC has not shown any correlation. Regarding these finding, it suggests that this polymorphic gene might be expressed as the autosomal recessive type. The GDF5 gene is located on the chromosome 20q11.2 and it regulates the expression of GDF5 protein. It is categorised in the class of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) [15]. It involves in development of bone and cartilage, particularly in endochondral ossification process [24, 25]. The mutation of GDF5 associates with generalised osteoarthritis and skeletal-related congenital diseases. Acromesomelic chondrodysplasia; Grebe type and Hunter-Thompson type is autosomal recessive form which is rare hereditary skeletal disorders. They are presented by short status, abnormal limbs development. Brachydactyly type A1, A2 and C and symphalangism proximal syndrome are inherited malformation presented with abnormal morphology of hand and finger. Multiple synostoses syndrome type 2 is an autosomal dominant condition characterised by progressive joint fusions and progressive conductive deafness. Du Pan syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive; the patient presents with absence of the fibulae and severe acromesomelic limb shortening with small, non-functional toes. These abnormal conditions have been reported that they have a mutation in GDF5 gene, thus they support that GDF5 plays a role in skeletal development [26, 27]. Recently, it has been reported that GDF5 deficiency mice had the delay fracture healing process that impaired the cartilaginous matrix deposition in the callus and reduced callus cross-sectional area [28].

The functional study of this polymorphism has been demonstrated; T allele in rs143383 was associated with the decrease of GFD5 molecule expression and might increase susceptibility to osteoarthritis [17]. Moreover, it has been report that the differential binding of deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor 1 (DEAF-1) can modulate the expression of GDF5 via this polymorphism [29]. It is believed that GDF5 plays role in the regulation of the chondrogenic cell growth and differentiation. These evidences support the function of GDF5 gene which might indicate the importance of this polymorphism in osteoarthritis etiology. As the result, many scientists have been working for study the association of this polymorphism in GDF5 gene. Recently, a large scale association study between GDF5 gene and osteoarthritis has revealed the genetic susceptibility of polymorphism in the GDF5; rs143383 with odds ratio 1.12 (95%CI 0.99-1.31) [18]. This study included the data from diverse ethnics which have been reported in the recent literatures. However, the magnitude of this association is smaller than the Asian ethnic, it has been reported from Japan that odds ratio is 1.79 (P = 1.18 × 10-13) for GDF5 polymorphism with per-risk allele (T) odds ratio by Miyamoto et al [17]. The magnitude of the association of GDF5 polymorphism is different between Caucasian ethnic and Asian ethnic. Furthermore, the association of this polymorphism from Greek and Korean study cannot demonstrate the association of GDF5 polymorphism [20, 30]. We have also reported the polymorphism in ESR1, which is associated with knee OA in Korean population. However, our result did not show any statistically significant difference [31]. Thus, these evidences can imply that the association of ethic and genetic susceptibility in osteoarthritis might not be consistent among the different populations and cannot be applied to others.

In addition, there is a report that GDF5 polymorphism (rs143383) also predisposes to Lumbar disc degeneration in women. Lumbar disc degeneration which is defined by disc space narrowing and the presence of osteophytes significantly associates with GDF5 polymorphism from cohorts from Northern Europe in women, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.72 (95% CI 1.15-2.57) [32]. The genome-wide association study from Finland and Sardinia shows the common variants in GDF5 contribute to height difference [33]. The GDF5 gene might be involved skeletal growth and development and GDF5 variants might play role in pathogenesis of bone and cartilage diseases.

Although the sample size in our study was small when compared to previous studies, these limited samples were sufficient for demonstrating the statistically significant association of rs143383 in GDF5 core promotor area. Furthermore, the population in our study was in homogeneity and the distribution between the case and control groups was in the Hardy Weinberg's equilibrium. Therefore, our study can represent the significant susceptibility of GDF5 in knee osteoarthritis in Thai ethnic. Our findings have emphasized this association that the susceptibility of the polymorphism in GDF5 among the Asian population because the magnitude of association is close to Japan and Chinese population. It is possible that Thai population ethnic is believed to be close to Chinese ancestry. Finally, we decide to leave some suggestions in genetic susceptibility study. Firstly, it is important to study the genetic susceptibility in common disease as this might be valuable for further investigation in order to understand the disease at molecular level or even apply to use for disease screening. More important, the association between polymorphism and disease might not similar in different ethics; therefore the genetic susceptibility from different ethics is required and the meta-analysis should be conducted in the adjacent area or similar genetic background. Lastly, other modern technology such as microarray technique should be employed for investigation of genetic susceptibility in osteoarthritis.