Background

Glioblastoma (glioma grade IV, G-IV), the most common tumor arising in the central nervous system, is one of the deadliest cancers with a mean survival of less than one year [1]. Reliable molecular predictors of survival outcome as well as novel targets for efficient therapy are urgently needed to improve life conditions of patients with glioma.

In this study, we investigated the expression of FBXW 7 (also known as hCDC 4, hAGO, SEL 10) in glioma. FBXW 7 encodes one of the 75 F-box proteins identified so far in mammals [2]. F-box proteins represent the variable receptor component of Skp1-Cul1-F-box (SCF) complexes, that mediates binding and ubiquitination of specific proteins, which are consequently recognized and destroyed by the proteasome. In contrast to other SCF complexes such as SCFFbxl1 which target both positive and negative regulators of the cell cycle [3], all known targets of SCFFbxw7 – namely Cyclin E [4–6], c-Myc [7], c-Jun [8], Notch 1 and 4 [9–11] and Aurora-A [12] – are cell growth promoters and potential oncoproteins. Their turn-over can thus be seen as an ultimate process in tumor suppression control. Indeed, FBXW 7 itself behaves as a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene: the loss of one functional allele is enough to promote epithelial tumor growth in a mouse model [13]. Given the number of its targets and the fact that FBXW 7 is translated into three different isoforms with distinct subcellular localization, possible mechanisms of tumor suppression are bound to be complex and variable depending upon the cell type in which downregulation occurs.

FBXW 7 is mutated in many cancer cell lines and human tumors such as endometrial, pancreatic and colorectal cancers [6, 14–17]. Mutations of FBXW 7 in brain tumors have not been investigated yet, however the corresponding locus – 4q31.3 – belongs to the most frequently lost portion of chromosome 4 in glioblastoma [18, 19]. As far as targets are concerned, much attention has been focused on the misregulation of Cyclin E [20] and c-Myc [21] whereas other substrates such as Aurora-A and Notch receptors have not yet been comprehensively investigated. In tumors, correlations have been demonstrated between loss of function of FBXW 7 and high levels of Cyclin E [20], and between Cyclin E overexpression and chromosomal instability [17]. However, the overall effect of FBXW 7 loss in cancer cells is not straightforward and seems to vary according to cancer types [16, 22]. Fujii and coworkers recently reported the accumulation of multiple targets in several FBXW 7 mutant cell lines with a variable extent of increase in expression and even identified a different pattern of accumulation for two ovarian cancer lines, one accumulating predominantly both Cyclin E and c-Myc, the other Aurora-A solely [23].

In this study, we investigated the possible misregulation of Aurora-A and Notch 4 expression in glioma. Aurora-A is a mitotic kinase required for G2-M transition, centrosome maturation and alignment of chromosomes at metaphase. Its degradation by the proteasome occurs promptly after metaphase-anaphase transition and is necessary for mitotic exit [24]. In normal cells, the expression of Aurora-A is thus rhythmic, discrete and detected in dividing cells only. By contrast, in cancer cells, Aurora-A is frequently overexpressed indicating its possible involvement in tumorigenesis [25]. Indeed, Aurora-A overexpression results in centrosome amplification and cytokinesis failure – both promoting tetraploidization – and transformation of cells with already acquired checkpoint defects [26, 27]. How does Aurora-A accumulate in cancer cells? In bladder cancer, AURKA/STK 15, the gene encoding Aurora-A at locus 20q13.2 is commonly amplified and the resulting overexpression is correlated with critical clinical parameters such as invasion, metastasis and poor survival [28]. But the overexpression of Aurora-A is also frequently seen in tumors with no gain of AURKA at the DNA level suggesting that other deregulated mechanisms such as transcriptional activation or failure of a proteolysis component are responsible for Aurora-A accumulation. This may well apply to glioma: Klein and coworkers detected amplification of AURKA in 26% of malignant glioma while as much as 67% of the samples eventually overexpressed the gene [29].

Unlike all other targets of Fbxw7, Notch4 has not yet been investigated in human cancers though the protein is oncogenic when induced in the MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus) mouse model [30]. Thus far, Notch4 has been described as a vascular endothelium specific signaling receptor. Together with its ligand Delta-like 4 (Dll4), it is involved in vessel development by mediating arterial/venous specification and vascular remodeling during embryogenesis [31]. In tumors, Notch4 signaling is activated in the endothelium and is here again responsible for vascular maturation [32]. On the other hand, it has been recently shown that NOTCH 4 transcription can be derepressed in non-endothelial cells: in HeLa cells treated with endothelial growth factors, cell-type-specific AP-1 (activator protein 1) complexes are activated that are able to reprogram NOTCH 4 expression [33]. This raises the possibility that tumor cells, which produce high amounts of proangiogenic factors – like malignant glioma cells – may ectopically express NOTCH 4.

Here we report that expression of FBXW 7 is strongly reduced in G-IV tumors, mostly independent of locus depletion, and that the levels of FBXW 7 expression correlate with patient survival. We find that Aurora-A and Notch4 accumulate in perivascular zones of patient glioblastoma. Proliferation is significantly impaired in glioma cells overexpressing nuclear FBXW 7 in vitro suggesting that it acts as a tumor suppressor in astroglial cells. Finally we show that knocking down FBXW 7 in cultured glioma cells destabilizes chromosome segregation at mitosis, a process controlled by several targets of SCFFbxw7 including Aurora-A.

Results and Discussion

Expression of FBXW7 in glioma patients and correlation with survival

FBXW 7 expression was evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR in 56 G-IV and 5 G-II gliomas. G-IV tumors were classified according to the normalized expression levels of FBXW 7 compared to the mean of expression levels in G-II tumors. FBXW 7 is significantly downregulated (<0.75) in more than 80% G-IV tumors. As illustrated in Fig. 1A, it is severely decreased of more than 2-fold (<0.5) in most samples (73,2%). Correlation was next established between survival time after initial diagnosis of glioblastoma and FBXW 7 expression levels. As shown in Fig. 1B, expression levels were heterogeneous, but when classified into two groups (<0.5 and ≥0.5), a significant difference of survival time was highlighted (Mann-Whitney U-test, P = 0.0099). Interestingly, out of 4 tumors collected from long survivors with G-IV (> 1000 days), 3 displayed normal FBXW 7 levels. Patients classified in the two groups as in Fig. 1B were next subjected to Kaplan-Meier survival analysis illustrating that the outcome for patients with >0.5 levels of FBXW 7 is significantly better than for patients with reduced expression (Fig. 1C). The same study performed with two related F-box protein encoding genes, FBXO 6 and FBXL 1/SKP 2, showed a similar heterogeneous spectrum of expression but no evidence for significant correlation with survival (not shown). While this study was being conducted, Bredel et al. described an informative gene profiling of gliomagenesis, from which FBXW 7 emerges as a downregulated inhibitor of the MYC interacting pathway [34], reinforcing our findings that it is a highly significant predictor of aggressiveness. Our results further demonstrate that FBXW 7 can be used as a specific prognostic marker of survival for patients with glioblastoma. Together with other recently identified molecular predictors, FBXW 7 may enhance comprehensive classification and molecular characterization of gliomas with a likely impact on clinical management including prediction of therapeutic response.

Figure 1
figure 1

Expression of FBXW 7 in glioma and correlation to survival. (A) FBXW 7 expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR in 56 G-IV compared to a pool of 5 G-II. 73% of high grade tumors show very significant low levels of FBXW 7 transcripts (<0.5). (B) Relative levels of FBXW 7 were heterogeneous, but expression defines two groups of patients with different survival times after diagnosis. The median survival in the group with FBXW 7 levels >0.5 was 490 days, whereas patients with low expression (<0.5) had a median survival of 335 days. The difference between the two groups is significant (P = 0.0099, Mann-Whitney U-test, two-tailed). (C) Patients classified in the two groups as shown in B were subjected to Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Survival curves for the two patient groups differed significantly (P = 0.011; Log-rank test). Note that two patients in the >0.5 group were still alive at the time the analysis were performed, more than 2000 days after initial diagnosis.

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Allelic loss is not the primary cause for low expression of FBXW7 in G-IV tumors

In p53+/- mice, the loss of one allele of FBXW 7 get preferentially selected in radiation-induced lymphoma cells and promotes tumor development so that FBXW 7 meets the criteria of a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene [13]. In the same study, the authors show that FBXW 7 is a direct transcriptional target of p53 itself. This raises the possibility that monoallelic deletion on its own may account for reduced expression of FBXW 7 in patient tumors with active p53 (around 30% of primary glioblastoma [35]). FBXW 7 maps on 4q31.3. Analyses of this region have been recently conducted in esophageal adenocarcinoma and identified deletions in 40% of tumors. The sequence of the remaining allele was wild-type in most of the cases [36]. Further studies should confirm the functional implication of monoallelic deletion (rather than loss of heterozygosity) – i.e. the haploinsufficiency of FBXW 7 – in this type of cancer. We sought for 4q31.3 deletions in our cohort of G-IV patients. The locus specific probe containing the complete FBXW 7 gene sequence was selected from the RP11 BAC library (clone 300I24) and proved to hybridize specifically at 4q31 on metaphase normal chromosomes (Fig. 2A). Twenty-eight tumors were subjected to touchprint dual color FISH analysis using the FBXW 7 locus specific probe and a chromosome 4 subcentromeric probe for chromosome copy number assessment. The patterns of signal distribution in individual nuclei were collected for 50–100 cells per tumor. Representative images are shown in Fig. 2B–D. Results of this analysis are illustrated in the table of Fig. 2. Samples 1 and 2 were tumors with no significant downregulation of FBXW 7 and did show no deletion of 4q31.3. FISH analysis identified FBXW 7 hemizygous deletions in 31% (8/26) cases with downregulation. In these cases however, only a minority (10–23%) of cells exhibited a 4q31.3 loss while other nuclei were mainly disomic for chromosome 4 with 2 copies of 4q31.3 (see individual patterns in table of Fig. 2). FISH analysis did not detect any imbalanced case so that 69% of the tumors (18/26) were classified as non-deleted.

Figure 2
figure 2

FISH using a FBXW 7 specific probe to detect allelic loss. (A) Specificity of the RP11-300I24 probe containing FBXW 7 on metaphase chromosomes from normal lymphocytes. The probe is labeled with SpectrumRed. (B-D) Dual color FISH patterns of nuclei from frozen touch prints of human glioblastoma. The 4q31.3 probe is labeled green and the CEN4 probe is labeled red. (B) normal signal, (C) monosomic for chromosome 4, (D) monoallelic deletion of 4q31.3. The table summarizes the results drawn from the FISH analysis for tumors with FBXW7 downregulation and 4q31.3 deletion (samples 3–10). Samples 1 and 2 are from tumors with no significant downregulation of FBXW 7 expression. Control tissues were from reactive lymphadenitis. Using 10% as a cut-off value, 18/26 tumors with significant downregulation of FBXW 7 are classified as not deleted (not detailed in the table).

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This analysis suggests that only for a minority of glioblastoma, monoallelic deletion of 4q31.3 may participate in reduction of FBXW 7 expression. If downregulation is required for glioblastoma progression, these events may be selected preferentially in tumor cells that retain P53 expression. Nonetheless, we conclude that allelic loss is not a recurring cause for reduced FBXW 7 expression in glioblastoma.

Aurora-A and Notch4 accumulate in G-IV tumors

We next asked if the loss of function of Fbxw7 protein may participate in glioma malignancy by causing accumulation of specific targets. Protein extracts from the biopsies were examined by western blotting using anti-CyclinE, anti-c-Myc, anti-Aurora-A and anti-Notch4 antibodies. Generally, levels of detected proteins were variable between samples and no significant correlation with FBXW 7 expression could be made. It was striking however, that Aurora-A was easily detected in over 81% (35/43) of the samples with significant decrease in FBXW 7 expression, whereas it failed under detection threshold in G-II with consistent FBXW 7 signals (Fig. 3A). The same tendency was observed for Notch4 but neither for Cyclin E, nor c-Myc (not shown). This prompted us to investigate the presence of Aurora-A and Notch4 on sections of gliomas of different histological grades. In G-II, Aurora-A was detected sparsely in less than 5% of the tumor cells (Fig. 3B) as expected from the low proliferation index (Fig. 3E) and accumulated only in a few tumor areas (Fig. 3C). Notch4 was strongly associated with α-SMA (alpha smooth muscle cell actin) positive vessels (Fig. 3D), as expected from its previously reported role in vessel maturation [37], but was not detected in any proliferating tumor cells (Fig. 3E). In contrast, both Aurora-A and Notch4 were strongly detected in distinct areas of aggressive primary glioblastoma (Fig. 3, lower panel). Aurora-A massively accumulates in tumor cells surrounding vessels (Fig. 3G &3J). Anti-Notch4 antibody also stains tumor cells preferentially around vessels in glioblastoma in addition to the endothelial lining of α-SMA positive arterioles (Fig. 3H &3K). No accumulation of any of the two proteins was seen in poorly vascularized tumor areas (not shown).

Figure 3
figure 3

Immunodetection of Aurora-A and Notch4, two targets of FBXW 7. (A) Detection of Aurora-A in human tumors by western blotting. The abundance of Aurora-A has been quantified in 5 randomly chosen G-IV and one representative G-II. The same blot has been hybridized with anti-actin antibody for loading control and normalization. Aurora-A is detected in 4 out of 5 G-IV with downregulation of FBXW 7. (B-K) Immunohistochemical detection of Aurora-A and Notch4 in human G-II (mid panel, bar = 10 μm) and in a primary invasive glioblastoma (lower panel, bar = 100 μm). Nuclei are labeled with DAPI (blue). In G-II, Aurora-A detection (red) is mostly sparse (B) and accumulates in only a few tumor areas (C). Notch4 (red) labels only α-SMA positive (green) vascular structures (D), but not Ki-67 positive (green) proliferating tumor cells (E). By contrast, in invasive primary G-IV (lower panel) of known histology and α-SMA labeling (F, I) discriminating vascular structures (v, vein ; a, arteriole), Aurora-A is massively detected in specific zones of G-IV, mostly around vessels (G-J). Notch4 is also detected in some tumor cells in addition to the endothelial lining of arterioles (H-K).

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All in all, two oncoproteins the mitotic kinase Aurora-A and the signaling receptor Notch4, which levels depend on FBXW 7, are strongly expressed in specific zones of G-IV tumors, particularly around blood vessels.

Overexpression of FBXW7 inhibits proliferation of U87 cells in vitro

The three isoforms of Fbxw7, α, β, and γ, have a conserved structure and molecular function but differ in their subcellular localization which is determined by the first alternative exon. Welcker and coworkers reported that, in U2OS cells, α-Fbxw7 is strongly detected in the nucleus, β-Fbxw7 in the cytoplasm and γ-Fbxw7 is mostly associated with nucleoli [21]. Hence, the three isoforms are likely to mediate degradation of specific targets in a localization-dependent manner. In order to study the effect of FBXW 7 misregulation in glioma, U87 cells were transiently transfected with plasmids encoding each FLAG-tagged Fbxw7 isoform. Transfected cells were detected by immunofluorescence using anti-FLAG antibody. As shown in Fig. 4A–C, the subcellular localization of α-Fbxw7 and β-Fbxw7 was similar to that previously reported for other cell lines (ie, nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic respectively) whereas isoform γ localization varied according to its level of expression: weak expression was restricted to the nucleoli whereas stronger expression was found in the cytoplasm and/or in the nucleus. We next asked whether Fbxw7 had an effect on glioma cell proliferation. Cells that express the proliferation markers PCNA or Ki-67 were scored among FLAG-positive cells compared to FLAG-negative cells. As illustrated in Fig. 4D–J, immunodetection of PCNA was specifically reduced in cells overexpressing nuclear Fbxw7. Cells overexpressing nuclear isoforms α and γ also display strongly reduced expression of Ki-67 (P < 0.0005 and P < 0.01 respectively) whereas expression of Ki-67 did not significantly change in cells overexpressing the cytoplasmic isoform β (Fig. 4K).

Figure 4
figure 4

Effect of FBXW 7 overexpression in glioma cells. Immunodetection of FLAG-Fbxw7 (green) in U87, 48 hours after transfection with plasmids encoding each of the three isoforms α (A), β (B), γ (C). Nuclei are labeled with DAPI (blue) and actin cytoskeleton with rhodamin-coupled phalloidin (red), bar = 50 μm. α-Fbxw7 localizes to the nucleus, β-Fbxw7 is cytoplasmic, γ-Fbxw7 localization varies. It is restricted to the nucleolus at low levels (insert) and leaks in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm at higher doses. Example of PCNA detection (red) in U87 cells overexpressing FLAG-Fbxw7 (green) α (D), β (E), γ (F). In lower panels (G-I), only the red signal in the same fields is shown. An example of α-Fbxw7-positive PCNA-negative cell is shown with arrowhead. bar = 10 μm. Quantification analysis of PCNA expression 48 h after transfection (J). Scoring was established on >150 cells per assay. The results (mean of two independent experiments, ± SEM) are expressed as the ratio of PCNA+ cells in FLAG+ versus FLAG- cells from the same transfection well. Quantification analysis of Ki-67 expressing cells in FLAG- and FLAG+ cells 48 h after transfection (K). Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher's exact test (n > 150 cells for each group). The experiment was repeated twice with similar results. Cell growth after transfection with each isoform expression plasmid (L). For each assay, cells were stained with DAPI and anti-FLAG antibody 24 h and 72 h after transfection. FLAG positive and negative cells were scored from 20 independent 40×-magnified fields and their 72 H/24 h ratio compared. Cells overexpressing nuclear isoforms α and γ are significantly counterselected. Statistical analysis was performed using the Fisher's exact test (n > 1000 cells for each assay). The experiment was repeated twice and analyzed once after 48 h with similar results.

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The effect of Fbxw7 on proliferation was further confirmed by showing that nuclear Fbxw7 counterselects transiently transfected cells in a time-course culture (Fig. 4L): the growth of cells overexpressing α-Fbxw7 or γ-Fbxw7 is strongly inhibited between 24 and 72 h after transfection (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.005 respectively) whereas FLAG negative internal control cells expand of more than 2-fold. By contrast, overexpression of isoform β does not significantly affect the growth of U87 cells. FLAG positive cells were screened for Aurora-A expression by double immunofluorescence with anti-FLAG and anti-Aurora-A antibodies. Amongst cells expressing FBXW 7 in the nucleus (n > 400) no Aurora-A staining was detected compared to untransfected cells out of which 10% were Aurora-A positive. This mutually exclusive expression pattern suggests that Fbxw7 targets Aurora-A in glioma cells. This may interfere with cell cycle checkpoint hence the dramatic reduction of dividing cells. Given the effect of Aurora-A knockdown, we can anticipate that cells may then be arrested in the next cycle by the post-mitotic checkpoint [25], hence their progressive counterselection in culture.

In summary, these results indicate that nuclear Fbxw7 exerts an inhibitory effect on proliferation of glioma cells in vitro and therefore support the hypothesis that loss of nuclear FBXW 7 expression might contribute to tumor progression in patients with astroglial tumors.

Fbxw7 knockdown causes mitotic defects in U87 cells

In order to examine the consequences of FBXW 7 downregulation in glioma, U87 cells – that express low levels of FBXW 7 in culture (not shown) – were transfected with previously described specific siRNAs directed against a shared exon of FBXW 7 [20]. Cells transfected with either control siRNA or FBXW 7 siRNA were grown for 48 hours and stained with DAPI and anti-Aurora-A antibody. Nuclei with individualized chromosomes and Aurora-A positive staining [24] were classified as mitotic and accounted for at least 4% of cells in independent control experiments. We compared mitotic figures in FBXW 7 knockdown cells to control cells (>100 mitosis for each group) and found that 98.5% of the figures were normal in controls and could be assigned to a specific phase as in Fig. 5A. By contrast, as much as 16% of mitosis in FBXW 7 knockdown cells were seen with 3 or 4 spindle poles (Fig. 5B), and there was significantly less normal metaphases (Fig. 5C). Unexpectedly, the number of mitotic figures was significantly decreased in FBXW 7 knockdown cells. This suggests that in glioma cells, loss of Fbxw7 function primarily triggers mitotic defects that could select for aneuploid cells with growth advantage in the evolving tumor.

Figure 5
figure 5

Effect of FBXW 7 knockdown in glioma cells. Normal mitosis figures in control siRNA transfected cells (A) and examples of abnormal mitosis in U87 cells transfected with siRNA against FBXW 7 (B). Chromosomes are stained with DAPI (blue) and spindle poles with anti-Aurora-A antibody (red), bar = 10 μm. Quantification of abnormal mitosis detected as in B, 48 h after transfection with siRNA against FBXW 7. More than 3400 cells were analyzed for each condition. Aurora-A positive cells as in A and B were classified as mitotic and accounted for around 4% of total cells in controls. FBXW 7 siRNA-transfected cells showed significantly less mitotic figures (72.2% of controls, P = 0.0094), fewer normal metaphases (27.5% of controls, P = 0.022), but much more abnormal mitoses (7.3 fold compared to controls, P = 0.0042; unpaired t-test, two-tailed).

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Possible targets that accumulation may cause checkpoint disturbances and chromosomal instability are Aurora-A and Cyclin E although they could not be quantitatively monitored in these transient transfection assays. Cyclin E accumulation has been shown to raise similar defects in colorectal cancer cells [17] and is accumulated in tumors of different types [20] including glioma with poor prognosis [38].

Conclusion

In this study, we have shown that the expression of FBXW 7 is strongly reduced in glioblastoma. Moreover, FBXW 7 emerges as a relevant survival marker for patients with glioblastoma that warrants further validation in the clinic. Our results suggest that FBXW 7 downregulation promotes gliomagenesis via the accumulation of oncogenic cell cycle regulators that control cell division such as Aurora-A and/or Cyclin E or Notch. The contribution of each of the targets remains to be investigated in details in glioma.

Gene therapy with FBXW 7 is already foreseen for cancer [23]. Glioblastoma patients should benefit of an ameliorated survival prognosis based on FBXW 7 quantification. Future studies will tell if there is also a way to improve therapy based on Fbxw7 rescue for those with the most dismal prognosis.

Methods

Cells and tissue collection

U87 human cells glioma (ATCC/LGCpromochem, Molsheim, France) were maintained in DMEM with 10% FBS, antibiotics, and L-glutamine. Glioma biopsies were classified according to the World Health Organization [39], the median survival of the G-IV group was 379 days (n = 54 patients, excluding 2 patients still alive at the time of analysis). Samples were immediately snap-frozen and stored until further use for protein and RNA purification, tissue sectioning, and touch printing of interphase nuclei. All procedures complied with current French laws.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on interphase tumor nuclei

The FBXW 7 probe contained in BAC clone RP-11 300I24 was labeled by nick translation with SpectrumGreen dUTP (Abbott-Vysis, France) and co-hybridized with a chromosome 4 alpha-satellite probe (D4Z1) coupled to rhodamin (Qbiogene, Illkirch, France). Efficiency and specificity were assessed on metaphases and interphases from cultured human lymphocytes. Dual color FISH analysis were performed on touchprints of frozen tissues as previously described [40]. The slides were then fixed by immersion in methanol and methanol/acetic acid baths. After drying and dehydratation, the probes were added to each slide. A coverslip was placed over each hybridization slide and sealed with rubber cement. Slides and probes were co-denatured using the Hybrite Hybridization System (Abbott-Vysis, Rungis, France) at 73°C during 5 min. Hybridization was performed 24 h at 37°C in a humidified box. Finally, slides were washed, dehydrated and nuclei were counterstained with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenyindole (DAPI) diluted in Vectashield (Abcys, Paris, France). The microscopic analysis was done by two independent observers using a fluorescent Axioplan II microscope (Zeiss, Le Pecq, France). A minimum of 50 tumour cell nuclei were evaluated for each slide. Hybridization signals of control (centromere of chromosome 4, CEN4) and test (FBXW 7) probes were counted for each nucleus. Nuclei were then classified either as 1) deleted (ratio of control and test probes 2/1, 4/2, 3/1, 4/1,...), 2) imbalanced (disproportion of the ratio of control and test probes such as 3/2, 4/3, 5/3, etc...), or 3) non-deleted (equal ratio of control and test probes signals). The cut-off value was determined as the mean + three standard deviations of the percentage of deleted nuclei on control tissues [41]. Finally, a tumor was classified either as deleted (% of deleted nuclei ≥ cut-off), or as non-deleted (% of deleted + imbalanced nuclei < cut-off) or as imbalanced (% of imbalanced nuclei or sum of imbalanced + deleted nuclei ≥ cut-off).

Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)

RNA was purified from biopsies or cultured cells using RNeasy columns (Qiagen, Courtaboeuf Cedex, France). RNA quality was checked by electrophoresis and any sample displaying degraded RNA was excluded from the study. RNA was reversed-transcribed with SuperScript II RNase H-Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France) by using oligo (dT)15 priming. Human-specific primers for qPCR were designed and evaluated for amplification efficiency. Primer sequences were: α-tubulin (NM_006082), 5'-GAGTGCATCTCCATCCACGTT-3', 5'-TAGAGCTCCCAGCAGGCATT-3', FBXW 7 (target sequence common to all isoforms), 5'-CCACTGGGCTTGTACCATGTT-3', 5'-CAGATGTAATTCGGCGTCGTT-3'. Real-time PCR was carried out in a MX3000P thermocycler (Stratagene) by using SYBR Green dye (ABgene, Courtaboeuf Cedex; France). FBXW7 expression was steady in all G-II samples tested (mean ΔCt = 6.27, SD = 1). Hence, five controls were individually run in parallel with every G-IV PCR assay, and the mean ΔCt served as normalization value. Normalization and quantification were calculated as described previously [42]. All G-IV samples were tested in a minimum of two independent experiments.

Cell transfection

U87 cells were seeded in LabTek chambers (100000 cells per well) and transfected the following day with 100 ng (α) or 500 ng (β and γ) of plasmid containing FLAG-FBXW 7 cDNA [21], Lipofectamine and Reagent Plus (Invitrogen). For knockdown experiments, human FBXW 7 specific [20] and negative control siRNAs were purchased from Eurogentec (Angers, France) and used at a concentration of 100 nM as previously described [43]. Knockdown was verified 48 h after transfection by real-time PCR as described above.

Western blotting and Immunohistochemistry

Primary antibodies were mouse monoclonal anti-FLAG (Sigma, clone M2), anti-Aurora-A [44], anti-α-SMA (DakoCytomation, clone M0851), anti-Ki-67 (DakoCytomation, clone M7240), anti-PCNA (Santa Cruz sc-56), rabbit polyclonal anti-FLAG (Sigma), anti-Notch4 (Santa Cruz, clone H-225), goat polyclonal anti-actin (Santa Cruz, clone I-19),

For western blotting, 20 μg of proteins from each tumor were separated on a 15% SDS-polyacrylamide gel, then electrotransferred onto a Hybond-S membrane (Amersham, Les Ulis, France). Membranes were blocked in PBST containing 5% skim milk for 2 h at 4°C, and incubated with primary antibodies at 1:200 dilution. After washing, immunocomplexes were identified with secondary antibodies coupled to peroxidase. The blots were visualized using chemiluminescence (ECL, Amersham – GE Healthcare Europe, Orsay, France). Immunofluorescence was carried out on 10 μm cryosections of tumors or on U87 cells grown in Labtek chambers. Tissue samples and cells were fixed in paraformaldehyde, formaline-ethanol (PCNA detection) or methanol-acetone (Aurora-A) and incubated after saturation with the primary antibodies at the concentration recommended by the supplier. After washing, slides were incubated with secondary antibodies (Alexa Fluor 488, and 546; 1:2000, Molecular Probes – Invitrogen) and mounted with Vectashield containing DAPI for nuclei staining.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analysis and graphs were performed using GraphPad Prism software.