Introduction

The adjuvant (and neo-adjuvant) systemic therapy reduces the clinically significant metastasis according to subtype of the primary non-metastasised breast carcinoma to differing proportions. The patient expects the attending physician to weigh the benefits (better tumour-specific survival) against the so-called costs (worsened quality of life caused by the therapy). In the comparison between tumour-specific survival and overall survival, however, are to be included, even to a minor degree, cases of treatment-delayed mortality (through cardiotoxic drugs or the development of solid secondary tumours or acute forms of leukaemia), which must be added to the costs. For the evaluation of the individual risk of distant metastasis, the established prognosis factors, size of the tumour, lymph node status, grading, PVI (peritumoral venous invasion) and the estrogen receptor and progesteron receptor status as well as the HER-2/new-overexpression were taken into account. This risk-adapted selection for adjuvant therapy is reflected in the St. Gallen conferences on breast carcinoma. Additionally, in 2009 [1], in this regard, the proliferation index (Ki67 labelling index and/or the histopathological description of the mitosis index) and also gene signatures were discussed.

The determination of the proteins uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) and its counterpart PAI-1 (bio-marker PAI-1 and uPA [2, 3]), particularly propagated in Germany, was unable to assert itself internationally. Instead, gene signatures on the basis of “micro array analysis” or the “RT-PCR method” are becoming increasing established commercially as Oncotype DX [4] or “MammaPrint” [5]. In German-speaking pathology, to ensure independence from the aforesaid commercial suppliers, the Endopredict-Test [6] has been developed. Additionally, by way of genome analysis using DNA micro arrays, subtypes have been defined [7], the prognostic significance of which was finally highlighted at the 2011 St. Gallen Conference [8].

A number of other research areas concerning prognosis and histological differentiation of breast carcinoma will only be mentioned briefly. Apart from the identification of appropriate gene signatures, a model of human breast cancer progression has been in development for a number of years. While researchers until recently assumed a linear path from flat epithelial atypia (FEA) via atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and DCIS to invasive ductal carcinoma, new findings using transcriptomic and epigenetic technologies are pointing to at least one further molecular genetic pathway [see [9] for a summary of molecular based publications]. A number of review articles on a multitude of prognostic paraters including AgNOR have been published [see [10] for a summary] without yet entering the therapy recommendations of the relevant consensus conferences. Nevertheless, women carrying a germline mutation on the BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 gene are accepted into an early recognition program reflecting a risk for not only earlier but more aggressive forms breast cancer [11]. The β1 integrin expression is not only correlated to survival, but as a cell adhesion molecule represent a prognosis factor for metastasis that is independent of cell proliferation [12]. Mammaglobin-A and –B are parameters specific to breast carcinoma [13].

Besides the individual imprecision in the prognosis with regard to individual patients, there has been repeated discussion on the inter- and intra-observer variability of the classical, histological prognosis parameters. Moreover, the standardisation of the immune histochemical results is criticised because it involves a semi-quantitative procedure. The results for HER-2/new are given as approximately 20% inaccurate [14]. Also other studies criticised this imprecision [15] and attempted to establish alternative methods of diagnosis [16].

For this reason, we took the opportunity to conduct a long-term analysis in regard to overall survival by means of automated microscopic image analysis of the nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) to objectify the tumour grading in the case of breast carcinoma.

This involves a selective depiction of argyrophilic proteins that are associated with the nucleolus organizer regions. The quantity of the AgNOR particles and/or their surface parameters correlate with the proliferation activity and hence could constitute a standardised parameter for the tumour grading as prognosis marker.

Research via PubMed (1 February 2012), revealed only 114 hits for the combination of “AgNOR” and “breast cancer” during the years from 1989 to 2011. In the Charité, since the mid-1980s, various “AgNOR” working groups engaged themselves with a variety of different tumour entities also including, for example, breast cancer and its preliminary stages [17](overview)[18–21]. Originally, the AMBA (automatic microscopic image analysis) of the AgNOR promised to obtain more precisely defined information in relation to survival compared with the conventional method of grading in the case of breast cancer.

Therefore, only those AgNOR parameters that in earlier evaluations showed an univariate, significant correlation with overall survival were included in the analysis. The individual AgNOR parameters are described in detail elsewhere [22, 23].

Material and method

The evaluation included 244 female patients with an average age of 59.3 years (24–92) with the parameters recorded in Table 1. Of these, 43.4% received a breast-conserving therapy (2.9% without and 40.5% with lymphadenectomy) as well as 56.6% a mastectomy (2.9% without and 53.7% with lymphadenectomy). Whereby 72.5% of the female patients included in this study were hormone receptor positive. The histological samples originate from female patients who received operative treatment in the surgical clinic of the Charité (now called Campus Mitte) in the years 1989–1997. The selection of the women patients was mainly determined by the existing residual material in the form of paraffin blocks at the Pathological Institute of the Charité. From the original 267 measurements on samples with an invasive mamma carcinoma, 10 women patients with a different malignant tumour and 13 patients with a contralateral mamma carcinoma prior to the period of data registration of the breast examined here, respectively, were excluded.

Table 1 Evaluated parameters
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The characterisation of the histological sections was carried out on the basis of the AMBA/R system. With this software, instead of using the karyometric characterisation level, as was usual before, the histometric characterisation level was used [24]. The detailed description including illustrations of the AgNOR measurement and the AgNOR featores was published in [25].

The post-observation data were obtained through consultations with the patients in the special out-patient surgery of the university. Since this did not include all results (mortalities), these were complemented by mortality data from the combined cancer register of the new Federal States and Berlin as well as by data from the residents’ registration office of Berlin. This method led to an overestimation of the cases of death in the Kaplan-Meier survival graph [26]. Hence, the mortality rates are not comparable, but this kind of data collection led to an increase of the events.

Results

The average post-observation of the 244 women patients was 106.6 (0 – 247) months.

First, the results of the Cox Regression (in reverse, step-by-step) are shown for the parameters in Table 1 in regard to overall survival (Tables 2 and 3) and breast cancer specific survival (Tables 4 and 5).

Table 2 Evaluation of the case processing in respect of overall survival
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Table 3 Remaining parameters of the Cox Regression in reverse step-by-step (Likelihood Ratio) after Step 11 in regard to overall survival
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Table 4 Evaluation of the case processing in respect of breast cancer specific survival
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Table 5 Remaining parameters of the Cox Regression in reverse step-by-step (Likelihood Ratio) after Step 11 in regard to breast cancer specific survival
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Combining the AgNOR parameters that were not significant for survival in the Cox model into a few parameters using factor analysis did not produce different results.

Factor analysis of the AgNOR parameters did not yield additional insights. The AgNOR parameters with the higher levels of significance had appropriate weights in the generated factors.

Excluding the five AgNOR parameters remaining in Table 3 from the factor analysis before regressing again did not yield any new significant factors.

To generate possible further studies, new sub-groups have been formed from the existing file. In this is included, in addition to the usual grading, a seven-stage grading (corresponding to the number of points according to Bloom and Richardson in the modification according to Elston and Ellis [27] and the polymorphism as well as the AgNOR parameter “position of the NORs” (locat_v) and the mean ratio between largest AgNOR and total AgNOR area size per cell nucleus in per mille (mnrat2_m). This is illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. The evaluation is again carried out for overall survival (Tables 6 and 7) and breast cancer specific survival (Tables 8 and 9).

Figure 1
figure 1

Low variability of size, number and location of AgNORS in cell nucleus.

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Figure 2
figure 2

High variability in number, size and location of AgNORs in cell nuclei.

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Table 6 Evaluation of the case processing in respect of overall survival
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Table 7 Cox Regression in reverse step-by-step (Likelihood Ratio) in regard to overall survival
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Table 8 Evaluation of the case processing in respect of breast cancer specific survival
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Table 9 Cox Regression in reverse step-by-step (Likelihood Ratio) in regard to breast cancer specific survival
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Discussion

The evaluation was carried out for overall survival and breast cancer specific survival, respectively, since, on the one hand, long-term overall survival includes therapy-related mortality, as already described in detail in the introduction, and, on the other hand, the cause of death statistics based on the death certificates is regarded as imprecise. To obtain more results, the mortality value is over-rated due to the way in which the data was collected, as analysed in detail elsewhere [26].

The Cox Regression showed that various AgNOR parameters, both in relation to overall survival as well as breast cancer specific survival, possess additional information compared with the routinely determined parameters pT, pN and G.

Other authors describe that the number of AgNORs correlates with tumour-free survival [28] or that the AgNOR analysis represents an additional tool for identifying, in the case of a limit-value HER2 status, further patients that can be considered for a trastuzumab therapy [29]. The AgNOR protein quantity is also said to correlate with the survival rate [30]. There were descriptions of a positive correlation between the AgNOR score and the histological grading [31, 32] and/or the number of the AgNORs in relation to the degree of degeneration [33]. It is explained that this correlation is due to the circumstance that the ribosomal biogenesis can be quantified by the morphometric analysis of AgNORs [34]. The growth rate or proliferation activity of a tumour cell depends on the proportion of proliferating cells (growing cell fraction), shown as a percentage of the MIB-1 fraction, and on the cell division rate. The cell division rate correlates with the AgNOR parameters [35]. This could also explain the tendency towards a lower correlation of the mitosis rate or the absolute number of mitoses per 10 brightness fields in relation to the selected AgNOR parameters compared with the pleomorphism. Due to the small number of cases of these parameters, which emerged from routine data, however, there were no significant correlations. Therefore, this is not shown separately in the results section.

The majority of the citations made here by other working groups represent the results of recording the AgNOR of cytological samples in the case of a flow cytophotometry or of the recorded percentage of a defined area of a histological slide.

In the case of breast cancer, it is not a matter of a homogeneous accumulation of tumour cells as, for example, in the case of urinary bladder cancer, but rather involves up to 7 different cell types located in the area of the tumour. Hence, in the application of AMBA/R, a semi-automatic method was used, whereby the cells to be included in the evaluation were initially marked manually. This perhaps explains the somewhat better correlation.

Conclusions

There is a strong correlation between survival and selected AgNOR parameters. These could replace the conventional grading as the standard measure for the mitosis rate together with the pleomorphism level. This, however, is so far only a hypothesis generated by the study, which would have to be confirmed by an investigation with a larger number of cases. However, with the AMBA/R system applied here, the relatively high time consumption is disadvantageous. In view of the development in the field of virtual microscopy (VM), one should consider a new implementation of AgNOR quantification. In modern VM systems it is possible to analyse many more cell nuclei in a much shorter time.

Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of scientific results and accompanying histological images based on paraffin blocks.