Abstract
Background
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are capable of differentiating into endothelial cells in vitro and acquire major characteristics of mature endothelial-like expression of vWF and CD31. SFAs and lipid oxidation products have been linked with postprandial endothelial dysfunction. Consumption of SFAs impairs arterial endothelial function, while a Mediterranean-type MUFA-diet has a beneficial effect on endothelial function by producing a decrease in levels of vWF, TFPI and PAI-1. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), which converts SFA to MUFA, is involved in the cellular biosynthesis of MUFAs from SFA substrates. High expression of SCD1 is corresponded with low rates of fatty acid oxidation, therefore it might reduce inflammatory responses and be beneficial for the growth of induced endothelial cells. Overexpression of SCD1 in BM-MSCs might increase the growth of induced endothelial cells. The goal of this research is to study the relationship between overexpression of SCD1 and the expression of induced endothelial cells in BM-MSCs in vitro.
Methods
The gene SCD1 was integrated into a lentiviral vector, and then 293 T cells were transfected by the connected product to produce a packaged virus. BM-MSCs were infected by the packaged virus. Cell culture and endothelial induction were performed. Fluorescent quantitative PCR of CD31, vWF and VE-cad was performed after 1 week and 2 weeks to test the growth of induced endothelial cells.
Results
The mRNA amount of CD31, vWF and VE-cad of the SCD1 overexpressed group was statistically higher than that of the empty vector (EV) group and that of the normal group after 1 week and 2 weeks, respectively (p < 0.05). Immunocytochemical staining of CD31 or vWF was detected by visualizing red color.
Conclusions
This study suggested that overexpression of SCD1 in BM-MSCs could increase the expression of induced endothelial cells in vitro.
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Background
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), known as a ∆9 desaturase, is an integral membrane protein anchored in the endoplasmic reticulum [1]. SCD1 converts saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), which make up the primary storage of unsaturated fatty acids in human adipose tissue [2].
An inverse relationship between endothelial function and SFA has been shown in healthy adults [3]. Plasma SFA, which partly reflects dietary fat quality, has an important impact on endothelial function. Consumption of SFAs reduces the anti-inflammatory properties of HDL and impairs endothelial function [4]. In healthy adolescents, impaired endothelial function is significantly associated with high level of soluble ICAM-1, HOMA-IR and SFA [5].
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can be isolated from many human adult or fetal tissues. MSCs were found to differentiate into cartilage, bone, fat, muscle, and other connective tissues [6, 7]. In endothelial differentiation system, human bone marrow-derived (CD105+, CD29+, CD34–) MSCs are capable of differentiating into endothelial cells in vitro and acquire major characteristics of mature endothelial-like expression of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and CD31 [8]. This will make bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) attractive candidates for the development of autologous tissue graft. Overexpression of SCD1 in BM-MSCs might have advantages for the expression of induced endothelial cells by reducing the the amount of SFAs in human bodies.
Up to now, there has been no report in the literature of the relationship between the overexpression of SCD1 and the expression of induced endothelial cells in BM-MSCs. The goal of this research is to study the relationship between the overexpression of SCD1 and the expression of induced endothelial cells in BM-MSCs in vitro.
Results
Vector construction and virus packaging
GFP fluorescence imaging showed that the 293 T cells were transfected by viral vector successfully after 48 h (Figure 1a), and the packaged virus infected 293 T cells successfully after 48 h (Figure 1b). The titer of viral vector was calculated according to the results of flow cytometry (Figure 1d). The title calculation is as follows: titer (293 T-transducing units/ml) = 100,000 (target 293 T cells) × (% of GFP-positive cells/100)/volume of supernatant (ml). The titer of this experiment is 5.17 × 108 TU/ml. BM-MSCs were infected by the packaged virus successfully (Figure 1c). The results of flow cytometry on BM-MSCs (Figure 1e) showed that 87.2% of the total cells were GFP positive.
GFP fluorescence and flow cytometry. (a) GFP fluorescence imaging showed that 293 T cells were transfected by viral vector after 48 h. (b) GFP fluorescence imaging showed that the packaged virus infected 293 T cells after 48 h. (c) GFP fluorescence imaging showed that BM-MSCs were infected by the packaged virus. (d) The results of flow cytometry on 293 T cells showed that 51.7% of the total number of cells was GFP positive. (e) The results of flow cytometry on BM-MSCs showed that 87.2% of the total number of cells was GFP positive.
Overexpression of SCD1
RT-PCR showed that the amount of SCD1 mRNA in the SCD1 overexpressed group was 8.86 ± 0.94 and that the amount of the empty vector (EV) group was 1.00 ± 0.09. The expression of SCD1 mRNA of the SCD1 overexpressed group is statistically higher than that of the EV group (p < 0.01) (Figure 2a). Enzyme activity measurement showed that the activity of SCD1 in the SCD1 overexpressed group was 35.87 ± 3.11 and that the activity of the empty vector (EV) group was 23.75 ± 2.16. SCD1 activity of the SCD1 overexpressed group is statistically higher than that of the EV group (p < 0.01) (Figure 2b). A western blot of SCD1 showed that the concentration of SCD1 in the SCD1 overexpressed group was higher than that of the EV group (Figure 3).
Realtime PCR and activity results of SCD1. Realtime PCR and enzyme activity analysis results showed that the amount of SCD1 mRNA (a) and enzyme activity (b) of the SCD1 overexpressed group was higher than that of the EV group (p < 0.01).
Vector construction of SCD1 overexpression. (a) An electrophoresis map of the PCR products of SCD1. (b) An electrophoresis map of the PCR products of connected vector pCDH-SCD1. (c) Western blot of SCD1 showed that the concentration of SCD1 in the SCD1 overexpressed group is higher than that in the EV group.
Endothelial cell induction
The results of fluorescent quantitative PCR (Table 1, Figure 4) showed that the mRNA amount of CD31 of the SCD1 overexpressed group was higher than that of the EV group after 1 week and 2 weeks (p < 0.05), and was significantly higher than that of the normal group after 1 week and 2 weeks (p < 0.01). The mRNA amount of vWF of the SCD1 overexpressed group was higher than that of the EV group after 1 week and 2 weeks (p < 0.05) and that of the normal group after 2 weeks (p < 0.05), and was significantly higher than that of the normal group after 1 week (p < 0.01). The mRNA amount of VE-cad of the SCD1 overexpressed group was significantly higher than that of the EV group and that of the normal group after 1 week and 2 weeks (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, vWF and CD31 staining could be detected and the positive staining is visualized by red color (Figure 5a, b, c for vWF and d, e, f for CD31).
Realtime PCR results of CD31, vWF and VE-cad. Realtime PCR results showed that the mRNA amount of CD31, vWF and VE-cad of the SCD1 overexpressed group was higher than that of the EV group and that of the normal group after 1 week (a) and 2 weeks (b) (p < 0.05).
Immunostaining of CD31 and vWF. The MSCs was induced into endothelial cells which were also transfected with/without SCD1 gene or empty-vector. Immunocytochemical staining was performed using CD31 and vWF antibodies. Positive staining is visualized by red color for vWF (Figure 5a, b, c) or CD31 (Figure 5d, e, f). a/d was referred to SCD1 overexpressed group, b/e was normal group, c/f was empty-vector group. Microscopic image showed that SCD1 overexpressed group (g) had more endothelial cells than normal group (h) and empty-vector group (i).
Discussion
SCD1 has been regarded as the switch between fatty acid storage and consumption as well as in promoting or preventing lipid-induced disorders [9, 10]. SCD1 is involved in the cellular biosynthesis of MUFAs from SFA substrates. The substrates of SCD1 are mainly stearoyl-CoA (C18:0) and palmitoyl-CoA (C16:0), which are desaturated to oleoyl-CoA (C18:1) and palmitoleoyl-CoA (C16:1), respectively. SCD1 prefers to convert stearate to oleate rather than palmitate to palmitoleate [11], both of which make up the primary storage of unsaturated fatty acids in human adipose tissue [2]. The major MUFAs generated by SCD1 represent the main substrates for synthesis of triglycerides, cholesterol esters and phospholipids. Consistent with its role as a key player in metabolic control, SCD1 activity is tightly regulated, being decreased by unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and increased by SFAs [12].
MSCs were found to differentiate into cartilage, bone, fat, muscle, and other connective tissues [6, 7] depending on the culture conditions, which include supplementation of lineage-specific inducing agents as well as hormones and growth factors. Studies have demonstrated that mesoderm-derived MSCs originate from precursors with angiogenic potential, called mesenchymomagioblasts, which are identified as MS-CFCs with the potential to differentiate into both MSCs and endothelial cells [13]. In endothelial differentiation system, human bone marrow-derived (CD105+, CD29+, CD34–) MSCs are capable of differentiating into endothelial cells in vitro and acquire major characteristics of mature endothelial-like expression of vWF and CD31 [8]. In addition, MSCs give rise to hematopoiesis-supportive stroma and contribute to the formation of the hematopoietic stem cell niche [14, 15] and vascular wall [16].
In this study, GFP fluorescence imaging showed that BM-MSCs were infected by the packaged virus, and RT-PCR results showed that the expression of SCD1 mRNA of the SCD1 overexpressed group is higher than that of the EV group (p < 0.01). So overexpression of SCD1 in BM-MSCs was achieved successfully. Commonly used markers of the endothelium include CD31 and vWF [17]. Vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cad), a putative member of the type II subfamily [18, 19] is specifically expressed in endothelial cells and is not found in any other cell type [20, 21]. In order to test the growth of induced endothelial cells, CD31, vWF and VE-cad in MSCs were assayed, and the results of fluorescent quantitative PCR suggested that the mRNA amount of CD31, vWF, VE-cad of the SCD1 overexpressed group was statistically higher than that of the EV group and that of the normal group after 1 week and 2 weeks (p < 0.05). This result indicated that overexpression of SCD1 in BM-MSCs could increases the expression of induced endothelial cells in vitro.
SFAs and lipid oxidation products have been linked with postprandial endothelial dysfunction [4, 22] and atherosclerotic disease. Diets rich in SFAs [23] or oxidized fatty acids [24] accelerate the formation of atherosclerotic lesions in animals. High intake of SFAs has been associated with an increased incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD), whereas high intake of MUFAs has been associated with a protective effect [25, 26]. Dietary fats can modify CHD risk by their effect on plasma LDL and HDL cholesterol levels [27]. Consumption of SFAs reduces the anti-inflammatory potential of HDL and impairs arterial endothelial function. Consumption of a Mediterranean-type MUFA-diet produces a decrease in plasma levels of vWF, TFPI and PAI-1 plasma levels in young healthy males. Given that these substances are of endothelial origin, it could be suggested that MUFA of the diet has a beneficial effect on endothelial function [28].
A large panel of inflammatory genes are regulated by SFAs. A possible role of SFAs in inflammation has been demonstrated in vitro. When stimulating human cells with palmitic acid, the gene expression and protein production of IL-6 increased [29, 30]. The exact mechanisms for these effects are unknown but proposed involved molecules are nuclear factor (NF)-κB and protein kinase C [30]. SFAs represent potential contributors to the vascular inflammation in subjects with metabolic syndrome [31]. In the liver, SCD1 deficiency sensitizes cells to injury [32]. In human myotubes, overexpression of SCD1 enhances triglyceride synthesis and prevents inflammatory and ER-stress responses to palmitate [33]. Overexpression of SCD1 in BM-MSCs might increase the growth of induced endothelial cells by decreasing the amount of SFAs and preventing inflammatory and ER-stress responses.
Study has shown that SCD1 deficiency increases the rate of β-oxidation in soleus and red gastrocnemius muscles by activating of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway [34, 35]. AMPK leads to phosphorylation and inactivation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase resulting in decreased malonyl-CoA content [36]. Malonyl-CoA is both an intermediate in de novo synthesis of fatty acids and an allosteric inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1), the enzyme that transfers long-chain acyl-CoA molecules from the cytosol to the mitochondria where they are oxidized [37]. A decrease in the cellular levels of malonyl-CoA in the liver and skeletal muscles of SCD1−/− mice would thus derepress CPT1, resulting in increased fatty acid oxidation and downregulation of fatty acid synthesis [37]. High expression of SCD1 is corresponded with low rates of fatty acid oxidation (decreased AMPK activity) [38]. Less fat acid oxidation might reduce inflammatory responses and be beneficial for the growth of induced endothelial cells.
SCD1 deficiency results in increased the phosphorylation of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREBP) and the activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) coactivator-1a (PGC-1a) transcription factor through activation of the β3 adrenergic receptor pathway [39], resulting in increased activation of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in BAT of SCD1−/− mice. Increased UCP1 expression uncouples oxidative respiration from ATP synthesis, thereby increasing the rate of basal thermogenesis and consequently, whole body energy expenditure, in SCD1−/− mice [39]. Therefore, high expression of SCD1 might decrease the energy expenditure of cells, helping the growth of induced endothelial cells.
It has been demonstrated that SCD1 modulates the passage of cycling cells through the G1/S boundary and the entry into the apoptotic program, and SCD1 regulates mitogenesis by modulating the rate of fatty acid synthesis, by preventing the toxic accumulation of SFA, and by controlling the supply of MUFA substrates required for lipid biosynthesis and cell proliferation [40]. Overexpression of SCD1 in BM-MSCs might contribute to proliferation of induced endothelial cells by modulating the passage of cycling cells [41].
Conclusion
This study suggested that overexpression of SCD1 in BM-MSCs could increase the expression of induced endothelial cells in vitro by showing that the mRNA amount of CD31, vWF and VE-cad of BM-MSCs increased after overexpression of SCD1 in vitro. However, the mechanism by which SCD1 increases the expression of induced endothelial cells of BM-MSCs needs further study.
Methods
Vector system
The lentiviral vector system (Tronolab) includes pCDH, psPAX2, and pMD. pCDH can express green fluorescent protein (GFP). Both psPAX2 and pMD contain essential elements for virus packaging.
Vector construction and virus packaging
Using SCD1 gene purchased from OriGene Technologies (SC108809) as a template, fragments of the SCD1 gene were amplified (Figure 3a) using primers capped with BamHI and EcoRI recognition sequences (Table 2 SCD1*). This fragment was then inserted at a unique BamHI site and EcoRI site in the shuttle vector (pCDH) to construct the pCDH-SCD1 plasmid. E. coli was transformed with pCDH-SCD1 and cultured overnight at 37°C. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the connected product was performed (Figure 3b), and the construct was confirmed by DNA sequencing. 293 T cells were transfected by pCDH-SCD1, psPAX2 and pMD. The virus supernatant was collected after 48 h of cultivation. A concentrated solution of virus was made with ultra centrifugation and purification, and the titer of virus was determined. BM-MSCs were then infected by the packaged virus. GFP-positive cells were selected by flow cytometry.
Western blot
Cells were lysed in RIPA buffer, and protein extraction was carried out on ice. Protein concentration was determined by BCA assay. Eight μl of total protein lysate were mixed with SDS loading buffer, and proteins were separated by electrophoresis on 12% SDS-PAGE. After that, proteins were transferred onto PVDF membranes. After blocking with 5% skim milk in PBS for 2 hours, membranes were washed and incubated sequentially with primary anti-SCD1 antibody (ab 19862; Abcam, Cambridge, USA) and anti-mouse secondary antibody-horseradish conjugate (Abcam). Western blots were developed colorimetrically (Figure 3c).
Overexpression of SCD1
Total RNA was extracted from BM-MSCs using Trizol (Invitrogen). Prior to real time PCR (RT-PCR), the RNA was treated with DNase I. The purified RNA was used for first-strand cDNA synthesis, and reverse transcription was performed using M-MLV reverse transcriptase with oligo-dT primers according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Promega). The 170-bp fragment of the SCD1 gene was amplified using primers (Table 2 SCD1**), with β-actin (Table 2) used as an internal control gene.
Determination of Scd1 activity
We evaluated Scd1 activity by measuring the conversion of [14C] stearic acid into [14C] oleic acid after overexpression SCD1. Cells were incubated with 3 μM (0.25 μCi/dish of [14C] stearic acid) for 6 h at 37°C in 5% CO2 incubator. Cells were collected and total lipids were extracted according to Bligh and Dyer method [42]. Lipids were saponified and esterified. Radiolabelled fatty acid methyl esters were separated by RP-HPLC and detected on line by a radioisotope detector (Packard Flow Scintillation Analyser, PerkinElmer Life Sciences Inc., Wellesley, MA). The [14C] oleic acid/([14C] oleic and stearic acids) ratio was determined as Scd activity [43, 44].
Endothelial cell induction
BM-MSCs were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO and 95% air, according to the standard procedure. The cell lines were routinely passaged using an enzymatic solution consisting of 0.25% (w/v) trypsin for 5 min at 37°C. The third generation cells, with 1 × 104 cells/well, were transferred onto a 12-well plate. After 24 h, endothelial cell induction was performed with induction medium (low glucose DMEM containing 10% FBS). Fluorescent quantitative PCR of CD31, vWF and VE-cad was performed after 1 week and 2 weeks to test the growth of induced endothelial cells.
Immunostaining
A total of 1×105 cells were incubated at 4°C with a mouse mono-clonal anti-CD31 antibody (Southern Biotechnology, AL, USA). After 45 min, the cells were washed with PBS and stained with an Alexa 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse anti-body (Invitrogen) for 30 min at 4°C in the dark. The cells were also rehydrated and incubated for 2 h with anti-von Willebrand factor (vWF) (DakoCytomation, clone F8/86). Subsequently, rabbit-anti-mouse immunoglobulin (DakoCytomation) was added for 45 min. Sections and cells were photographed using a Sony color video camera.
Fluorescent quantitative PCR
Total RNA extraction was performed according to the instruction of RNA extraction kit (QIAGEN). RNA reverse transcription was performed following the instruction of M-MLV (Promega). Fluorescent quantitative PCR was then performed to detect the expression of CD31, vWF and VE-cad, with β-actin used as an internal control gene. Primer sequences were as follows (Table 3). The amount of PCR copies was obtained according to the standard curve.
Statistical analysis
All experiments were repeated six times. All values were presented as the means ± SD. Statistically significant differences between groups were assessed by an unpaired Student’s t-test. Differences of p <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant.
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Acknowledgments
This work was funded by The National Natural Science Fundation of China (No. 81371963); the Shanghai Hygiene Bureau (NO. 2010159), the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (NO. YZ1076) and the Medical Climbing Project of the Songjiang Science Commission of Shanghai (NO. 2011PD05).
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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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YL (Yuanshan Lu) and JT designed the experiment and protocols and wrote the manuscript. YL (Yuanshan Lu) performed Vector construction and virus package, BM-MSCs infection, flow cytometry analysis. ZZ participated in cell cultivating. BD performed real-time PCR, western blot. MG performed Immunostaining. YL performed statistical analysis. YL (Yuanshan Lu) and JT interpreted the data. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Lu, Y., Zhou, Z., Tao, J. et al. Overexpression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells enhance the expression of induced endothelial cells. Lipids Health Dis 13, 53 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-13-53
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-13-53