Background

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is often considered to reduce vertebral fractures by about 60% [1]. This view is based upon the results of one trial, which counted the number of fractures rather than the number of women with fractures. If an analysis is undertaken looking at the number of women with an incident vertebral fracture the reduction is less and is not statistically significant [2]. We have recently reported in a systematic review of 22 randomised-controlled trials that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) reduces non-vertebral fractures by about 30% [3]. To see if there were a similar effect on vertebral fractures we have extended our review to include such fractures.

Methods

Our search strategy has been previously reported; [3] however, in brief, we searched all the main electronic databases for any RCT of HRT and contacted investigators for unpublished data. There were no language restrictions. To be included in the review trials had to be longer than 12 months and include a comparator group who were either taking an inactive placebo, calcium with or without vitamin D, or using no treatment. Up until the end of August 2001, after excluding duplicate reports, we identified 72 potentially relevant trials.

Results

We identified 13 eligible studies. Nine of which came from our original review of 22 trials [4–12]. The four additional trials, not previously included, were identified as follows. Two trials were excluded from our previous review as they only reported vertebral fractures [1, 13] and are now included and two further studies were identified in a recent update of our search [14, 15]. We combined the trials in a meta-analysis using a random effects model.

We assessed 12 studies for quality, the remaining study being available in abstract form only [15]. Trial quality was generally good. All studies were reported as randomised controlled trials with seven reporting the method of randomisation used. In addition nine trials were double blind by design and almost all trials reported on drop-outs or withdrawals and document the reasons for these events.

The table shows the characteristics of the included trials. Eight [1, 7, 10–15] of the 13 studies assessed fracture incidence using radiographs whilst the remaining five appeared to report only symptomatic fractures.

Table 1 Description of HRT Trials.
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Figure 1 shows the number of women in each treatment group and their relative risk of fracture. As the figure shows there was an approximate 33% reduction in vertebral fractures among women randomised to HRT (p = 0.04). Three of the studies were undertaken among women who had established osteoporosis [1, 11, 15]. The relative risk of fracture among these women was 0.47 (95% CI 0.25 to 0.89, p = 0.02), whilst the relative risk of the 10 trials among women without osteoporosis was 0.81 (95% CI 0.50 to 1.33, p = 0.40). Five trials were undertaken among women with a mean age of less than 60 years [5, 7–9, 13]: the pooled relative risk of fracture for these women was 0.61 (95% CI 0.16 to 2.36), whilst for women older than 60 years it was 0.63 (95%CI 0.41 to 0.96).

Figure 1
figure 1

Forest plot of randomised trials of HRT and vertebral fracture incidence.

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Discussion

This review of the effects of HRT on vertebral fractures showed a similar reduction in events as did our previous analysis on non-vertebral fractures. As in our previous review the quality of the trials was generally good [3]. Our previous review noted a decreasing effect of HRT on non vertebral fractures for women starting therapy when older than 60 years [3]. In this study we did not observe a similar relationship. Although the relative risk of fracture reduction for younger women was not statistically significant it was virtually identical to that for older women (i.e RR = 0.61 and 0.63 for younger and older women respectively). There were fewer events and fewer participants in trials among women with a mean age of less than 60 years and this may explain the lack of statistical significance.

Studies of other anti-fracture drugs, such as the bisphosphonates, have suggested an enhanced effect among patients with established osteoporosis [16]. This review may support an interaction between HRT and the presence of osteoporosis on vertebral fracture incidence, although the number of trials in that sub-group are small, so definitive conclusions cannot be drawn on this issue. This may be a chance finding, however, because our previous review, where nearly all included women were not osteoporotic, showed an HRT effect on non-vertebral fractures [3]. With respect to the effects, or otherwise, of HRT among women who have low bone density without a prior vertebral fracture there were no studies that allowed us to explore HRT's effects on this sub-group.

Interestingly, taking the results of this review along with our previous analysis shows a similar effect on fractures as the large RCT of the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) raloxifene [17]. In that trial, among women with a mean age of 67 years, a 50% reduction in new vertebral fractures was observed among osteoporotic women whilst a small, non-significant reduction in non-vertebral fractures was observed [17]. The issue as to whether HRT does significantly reduce vertebral and other fractures needs to be tested in large randomised trials with fracture as an endpoint. Fortunately, ongoing trials of HRT are large enough to answer this important question.

Conclusion

In summary, our review has shown that HRT use is associated with reduction in vertebral fractures, particularly among osteoporotic women.