Background

Breast cancer cells contain a large number of genetic alterations that act in concert to create the malignant phenotype. For example, the up-regulation of oncogenes, such as Her2, c-MYC and CCND1, directly contributes to the uncontrolled proliferation of breast cancer cells. For cancer cells to survive, they must acquire the ability to tolerate a series of oncogenesis-associated cellular stressors, which include DNA damage, proteotoxic-, mitotic-, metabolic-, and oxidative-stress [1, 2]. However, very little is currently known about the genomic basis and molecular mechanisms that allow breast cancer cells to tolerate and adapt to these stresses. Amplification of 8p11-12 occurs in approximately 15% of human breast cancer (HBC). This region of amplification is significantly associated with disease-specific survival and distant recurrence in breast cancer patients [3–6]. Previous work in our laboratory, together with others, have identified the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lipid raft-associated 2 (ERLIN2, also known as SPFH2 C8ORF2) gene as one of several candidate oncogenes within the 8p11-12 amplicon, based on statistical analysis of copy number increase and over expression [3, 4, 7]. Yet, the biological roles of ERLIN2 and molecular mechanisms by which ERLIN2 coordinates ER pathways in breast carcinogenesis remain unclear.

The ER is a cellular organelle primarily responsible for protein folding, lipid and sterol biosynthesis, and calcium storage. Physiological processes that increase protein folding demand or stimuli that disrupt the ER protein folding process can create an imbalance between ER protein folding load and capacity. This imbalance leads to the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER: a condition referred to as “ER stress” [8, 9]. The ER has evolved highly specific signaling pathways, collectively termed the “unfolded protein response” (UPR), to ensure protein folding fidelity and to protect the cell from ER stress. Upon activation of UPR, inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1α), the conserved ER stress sensor from yeasts to mammals, mediates splicing of the mRNA encoding X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1). XBP1 serves as a potent UPR trans-activator that helps protein refolding, transportation, and degradation in order to bolster ER capacity and facilitate cell adaptation to stress [8]. However, if UPR fails to restore ER homeostasis, ER stress-associated apoptosis will occur [10]. As part of the UPR program, ER-associated degradation (ERAD) targets aberrantly folded proteins in the ER. In addition to this “quality control” function, ERAD also accounts for the degradation of several metabolically-regulated ER proteins [11].

Recent studies provide evidence that UPR and ERAD components are highly expressed in various tumors, including human breast cancer [12–21]. During tumor development and progression, increased amounts of misfolded proteins caused by gene mutations, hypoxia, nutrient starvation, and high-levels of reactive oxygen species lead to ER stress [22, 23]. The activation of UPR and ERAD induces an adaptive response in which the tumor cell attempts to overcome ER stress to facilitate cytoprotection. In this study, we demonstrated that amplification and the resultant over expression of ERLIN2 occurred in both luminal and Her2 subtypes of breast cancer. We also found that the UPR pathway, through the IRE1α/XBP1 axis, modulated the high-level expression of ERLIN2 protein. Furthermore, ERLIN2 had the ability to protect breast cancer cells from ER stress-induced cell death. Thus, ERLIN2 is a novel mediator of ER stress response and thus amplification and over expression of ERLIN2 may facilitate the adaptation of breast cancer cells to the various cellular stresses associated with oncogenesis.

Materials and methods

Cell lines and cell culture conditions

The culture conditions of of SUM breast cancer cells and the immortalized non-tumorigenic MCF10A cells are described in the Additional file 1: Materials and Methods.

Genomic array CGH

Genomic array CGH experiments were performed using the Agilent 44 K human genome CGH microarray chip (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA). Agilent's CGH Analytics software was used to calculate various measurement parameters, including log2 ratio of total integrated Cy-5 and Cy-3 intensities for each probe.

Semiquantitative RT-PCR reactions

Total RNA was prepared from human breast cancer cell lines and the MCF10A cell line by standard methods [3, 24]. For RT-PCR reactions, RNA was converted into cDNA via a reverse transcription reaction using random hexamer primers. Primers were ordered from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA). A GAPDH primer set was used as a control. Semiquantitative RT-PCR was done using the iQSYBR Green Supermix (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA).

Lentivirus construction and transduction of cells

The lentiviral expression construct containing the ERLIN2 gene (pLenti-ERLIN2), was established as previously described [3]. The lentivirus for pLenti-ERLIN2 was generated and used to infect the immortalized, nontransformed mammary epithelial MCF10A cells. Control infections with pLenti-LacZ virus were performed in parallel with the pLenti-ERLIN2 infections. Selection began 48 h after infection in growth medium with 10 μg/mL blasticidin in the absence of either insulin or epidermal growth factor (EGF). Upon confluence, selected cells were passaged and serially cultured.

Three-dimensional morphogenesis assays in matrigel

For three-dimensional morphogenesis assays in Matrigel, cells grown in monolayer culture were detached by trypsin/EDTA treatment and seeded in Matrigel (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA) precoated 8-well chamber slides. The appropriate volume of medium was added and cells were maintained in culture for 10–18 days. Phase-contrast images and immunostaining images were taken using bright-field and confocal microscopy.

Lentivirus-mediated shRNA knockdown of gene expression

We knocked down the expression of the human ERLIN2 gene in breast cancer cell lines and in the MCF10A cell line using the Expression Arrest GIPZ lentiviral shRNAmir system (OpenBiosystems, Huntsville, AL). Lentivirus was produced by transfecting 293FT cells with the combination of the lentiviral expression plasmid DNA and Trans-Lentiviral packaging mix (OpenBiosystems. Huntsville, AL). For cell infection, viral supernatants were supplemented with 6 μg/mL polybrene and incubated with cells for 24 hours. Cells expressing shRNA were selected with puromycin for 2–3 weeks for functional studies (cell proliferation and colony formation assays) and for 4 to 10 days after infection for RNA extraction.

Recombinant adenoviral or retrovirus infection

Adenoviruse vectors for expressing flag-tagged IRE1α isoforms, including wild type IRE1α (Ad-IRE1α WT), IRE1α kinase mutant (Ad-IRE1α K599A), and IRE1α RNase mutant (Ad-IRE1α K907A), were kindly provided by Dr. Yong Liu (Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai, China) and amplified using the AdEasy System (Stratagene) [25, 26]. Retrovirus expressing spliced XBP1 was kindly provided by Dr. Lauri Glimcher (Harvard University) [27]. For infection of cells with adenovirus and retrovirus, cells were seeded in six-well plates. After 24 h, cells were infected with adenovirus expressing wild type IRE1α (Ad-IRE1α WT), IRE1α kinase mutant (Ad-IRE1α K599A), IRE1α RNase mutant (Ad-IRE1α K907A), and retrovirus expressing spliced XBP1 as described previously [28, 29].

Tissue array and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining

Human breast cancer tissue array was obtained from Nuclea Biotechnologies (Pittsfield, MA). Immunohistochemistry was performed on tumor tissue sections using the standard laboratory protocols [30]. Briefly, after deparaffinizing and hydrating with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer (pH 7.4), the sections were pretreated with hydrogen peroxide (3%) for 10 minutes to remove endogenous peroxidase, followed by antigen retrieval via steam bath for 20 minutes in EDTA. A primary antibody was applied, followed by washing and incubation with the biotinylated secondary antibody for 30 minutes at room temperature. Detection was performed with diaminobenzidine (DAB) and counterstaining with Mayer hematoxylin followed by dehydration and mounting. Immunostained slides were blindly evaluated under a transmission light microscope. Areas of highest staining density were identified for evaluating the expression in tumors.

Results

ERLIN2 is amplified and over expressed in human breast cancer cells

Recently, we used quantitative genomic PCR and array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to profile copy number alterations in 10 human breast cancer cell lines and 90 primary human breast cancers [3, 6, 31]. Analysis of our array CGH data showed that ERLIN2 gene was commonly amplified in 30% of the cell lines tested, as well as in 7.8% of breast cancer specimens tested (Figure 1a). Previously, we and several other laboratories have demonstrated that the 8p11-12 amplicon occurs mainly in the luminal subtype of breast cancer cells, such as the SUM-44 and SUM-52 cell lines. However, SUM-225 is a Her2-amplified HBC cell line [31, 32]. We also found two primary tumors, 10173 and 9895, which have Her2 gene amplifications in addition to the amplification of the ERLIN2 gene (Figure 1a). To obtain further support for a potential involvement of the ERLIN2 region in breast cancer, we searched the published database of the Affymetrix 250 K array CGH [33]. We found that 42 of the 243 HBC lines and primary samples in the array exhibited amplification of the ERLIN2 region. Interestingly, eight of the ERLIN2-amplified samples showed co-amplification of the Her2 gene (Additional file 1: Figure S 1). Next, we measured ERLIN2 protein levels in ten breast cancer cell lines by Western blot analysis. In correlation with ERLIN2 gene amplification, ERLIN2 protein levels in SUM-44, SUM-52, and SUM-225 cells were dramatically greater than the levels in breast cancer cell lines without ERLIN2 gene amplification (Figure 1b). The presence of the ERLIN2 amplification in both luminal and Her2 subtypes of breast cancer prompted us to further investigate the role of the ERLIN2 gene in breast cancer progression.

Figure 1
figure 1

(a) Genomic copy number profiles of the ERLIN2 region analyzed on the Agilent oligonucleotide array CGH in 3 SUM breast cancer cell lines and 7 primary breast cancer specimens. Tumors are displayed vertically and array probes are displayed horizontally by genome position. Log2 ratio in a single sample is relative to normal female DNA and is depicted according to the color scale (bottom). Red indicates relative copy number gain, whereas green indicates relative copy number loss. (b) ERLIN2 protein levels were analyzed by Western blot in ten breast cancer cell lines with or without ERLIN2 amplification.

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ERLIN2 plays a functional role in breast cancer cells

Next, we addressed whether ERLIN2 possess transforming properties. We transduced the immortalized, nontransformed mammary epithelial cell line, MCF10A, with lentivirus expressing ERLIN2 or control LacZ. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot and immunofluorescence staining confirmed the over expression of ERLIN2 protein in MCF10A-ERLIN2 cells (Figure 2a and Additional file 1: Figure S 2). The infected MCF10A cells were then subjected to analyses for growth rates, growth factor-independent proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, and three-dimensional morphogenesis assays. Growth curves and colony formation assays in MCF10A cells showed that forced expression of ERLIN2 resulted in growth factor-independent proliferation in insulin-like growth factor-deficient media. To further examine the effects of ERLIN2 in a context that more closely resembles in vivo mammary architecture, we assessed the consequences of ERLIN2 over expression on three-dimensional morphogenesis in Matrigel. Although MCF10A cells formed polarized, growth-arrested acinar structures with hollow lumens similar to the glandular architecture in vivo, MCF10A-ERLIN2 cells formed abnormal acini at a high frequency that was grossly disorganized, and contained filled lumens (Figure 2b).

Figure 2
figure 2

(a) Stable overexpressing ERLIN2 in MCF10A cells (MCF10A-ERLIN2) with the pLenti6/V5-ERLIN2 construct. Over expression of ERLIN2 mRNA and protein in this cell line was confirmed with semi-quantitative RT-PCR (right panel) and western blot assays (left panel). (b) Effects of ERLIN2 on mammary acinar morphogenesis. MCF10A-ERLIN2 and control cells were cultured on a bed of Matrigel. Representative images show the structures with staining for actin with phalloidin conjugated to Alexa Fluor-568 (red), and DAPI as a marker of nuclei (blue).

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To further explore the pathophysiological function of ERLIN2 over expression, we stably silenced the ERLIN2 gene in SUM-44 and SUM-225 breast cancer cells using the lentiviral-based shRNA system. To perform RNAi knockdown experiments, we utilized pGIPZ-ERLIN2 shRNA expression constructs in which TurboGFP and shRNA were part of a bicistronic transcript allowing for the visual marking of the shRNA-expressing stable cells. qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis indicated a marked reduction in expression levels of ERLIN2 mRNA and protein in the stable ERLIN2-shRNA-transduced SUM-44 and SUM-225 cell lines as compared with the control cell lines infected with a non-silencing shRNA lentiviral control (Figure 3a). Among the two targeted vectors used, ERLIN2-shRNA vector #1 produced a more striking knockdown effect: infected SUM-225 cells had a nearly complete loss of ERLIN2 protein expression (Figure 3a). We did not detect any change in ERLIN1 mRNA and protein levels in ERLIN2-shRNA knockdown cells, thus ruling out the possiblity of off-target effects by ERLIN2-shRNAs (Data not shown). Cell growth and proliferation analyses showed that knockdown of ERLIN2 slowed the proliferation rate of SUM-44 and SUM-225 cells, but had only a minor effect on SUM-102 and MCF10A cells, which lack ERLIN2 amplification (Figure 3b). Importantly, knockdown of ERLIN2 in SUM-44 and SUM-225 cells also suppressed anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, one of the hallmark characteristics of aggressive cancer cells. (Figure 3c). Taken together, results from over expression and knockdown experiments suggested ERLIN2 plays a role in cell proliferation and maintenance of transforming phenotypes in breast cancer cells with the 8p11-12 amplification.

Figure 3
figure 3

shRNA-mediated knockdown of ERLIN2 inhibits monolayer and anchorage-independent cell growth in breast cancer cells with ERLIN2 amplification. (a) Knockdown of ERLIN2 expression in SUM-44 and SUM-225 cells with two different shRNAs was confirmed by western blot. (b) In vitro growth rate of SUM-44 and SUM-225 cells with ERLIN2 shRNA treatment compared to cells with control shRNA treatment. (c) Knockdown of ERLIN2 reduces colony formation in soft agar. SUM-44 and SUM-225 cells were tranfected with ERLIN2 shRNA#1 or control shRNA. The colony numbers were counted 3 weeks later (P < 0.05).

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Expression of ERLIN2 is regulated by the ER pathway through IRE1α/XBP1

Recent studies have identified ERLIN2 both as a novel component of lipid raft domains in the ER membrane and as a substrate recognition factor during ERAD of activated inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3R) as well as other substrates [34–36]. IRE1α is the primary ER stress sensor implicated in the regulation of the ERAD pathway [37]. Under ER stress, IRE1α undergoes auto-phosphorylation to activate its RNase activity, which triggers one of the UPR cascades through splicing Xbp1 mRNA [8]. Previous work has demonstrated that breast cancer cells over express XBP1 [38, 39], while we observed that SUM-44, SUM-52 and SUM-225 cell lines over expressed total and activated XBP1 (Additional file 1: Figure S 3 Additional file 2: Table S 1). To evaluate the possibility of an association between ERLIN2 expression and the IRE1α-mediated UPR pathway in HBC, we inhibited IRE1α RNase or kinase activity in breast cancer cells. To accomplish this, we used adenoviral-based expression system to introduce the previously characterized IRE1 kinase dominant-negative mutant (IRE1 K599A) or the IRE1 RNase dominant-negative mutant (IRE1 K907A) into breast cancer cells [26, 40, 41]. We chose SUM-44 cells for this experiment because the SUM-44 cells are very amenable to adenovirus-mediated expression. The inhibition of the IRE1α RNase activity significantly reduced protein levels of ERLIN2 in SUM-44 cells (Figure 4a). In addition, forcible expression of wild-type IRE1α or spliced XBP1 in MCF10A cells resulted in increased expression levels of endogenous ERLIN2 protein (Figure 4b and c). However, quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that over expression of IRE1α or spliced XBP1 did not increase expression of the ERLIN2 mRNA (Data not shown). Next, we asked whether ERLIN2 expression was induced by stress inducers in normal mammary epithelial cells. Our group routinely cultures MCF10A cells in serum-free, growth factor-supplemented media. Oncogenesis-associated conditions, such as nutrient or growth factor depletion, can cause pathophysiologic ER stress [22, 23]. When MCF10A cells were cultured in media lacking insulin or EGF, expression levels of endogenous ERLIN2 protein in MCF10A were increased as compared with levels in cells cultured in normal media (Figure 4d). Our observations suggest that the ER stress pathway likely regulates ERLIN2 protein expression through IRE1α-actived XBP1 in human breast epithelial cells.

Figure 4
figure 4

(a) The knockdown of the IRE1α RNase activity (K907A) reduced levels of ERLIN2 protein in SUM-44 cells. Forced expression of wild-type IRE1α (b) and its substrate, spliced XBP1 (c), leads to increased expression of ERLIN2 at protein level in MCF10A cells. (d) ERLIN2 expression in MCF10A cells was analyzed by western blot after culture 48 hours in insulin- or EGF-depleted media, compared to that in normal culture media.

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ERLIN2 promotes breast cancer cell survival

Next, we tested if amplification and over expression of ERLIN2 enhances the resistance to a variety of stressors to promote cancer cell survival. Figure 5a shows the IC50 values for the ER stress-inducing reagent Tunicamycin (Tm), in ten breast cancer cell lines as well as in the nontransformed human mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A. SUM-44 and SUM-225 cells, which have ERLIN2 amplification, had significantly higher TM IC50 values than cell lines without ERLIN2 amplification (P < 0.05). We obtained similar results with Thapsigargin (Tg) treatment of SUM-225 cells (data not shown). Expression of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) homology protein (CHOP) is characteristic of the ER stress–mediated apoptotic pathway. In response to treatment with Tm or Tg, expression of CHOP dramatically increased in control MCF10A cells (Figure 5b). However, induction of CHOP by Tm and Tg treatment was weaker or barely detectable in SUM-44 and SUM-225 cells (Figure 5b). Next, to determine whether suppressing ERLIN2 in breast cancer cells re-sensitize them to ER-stress, we challenged stable ERLIN2-knockdown SUM-44 and SUM-225 cells with Tm and Tg for 72 hours and evaluated their viability using the MTT assay. Knockdown of ERLIN2 resulted in increased sensitivity to Tm or Tg -induced cell death (Figure 5c). Our data suggested that over expression of ERLIN2 may facilitate the adaptation of breast epithelial cells to ER stress by supporting cell growth. Future investigations are required to more precisely address the mechanism by which ERLIN2 promotes breast cancer cell survival.

Figure 5
figure 5

(a) IC 50 values for the ER stress-inducing reagent Tm, in ten breast cancer cell lines as well as in the MCF10A cells (b) The expression level of CHOP in SUM-225, SUM-44 breast cancer cells and MCF10A control cells was analyzed with Western blot after Tm (500 ng) or Tg (400 nM) treatment. (c) Cell viability of ERLIN2 knockdown and control SUM-225 cells was measured with MTT assays after exposure to different concentrations of the Tm or Tg for 72 hours.

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Figure 6
figure 6

Immunohistotochemical staining of ERLIN2 protein on a representative HBC sample and a normal control.

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Expression of ERLIN2 in breast tissues: Carcinomas and normal

We evaluated the expression of ERLIN2 in normal and cancerous human breast tissues using immunohisyochemistry (IHC) in breast cancer tissue arrays. We first confirmed the specificity and sensitivity of the ERLIN2 antibody for visualizing ERLIN2 expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast cancer cell lines. Consistent with the immunoblotting data, SUM-225 cells displayed significantly higher levels of positive staining as compared with the MCF10A control cells (Additional file 1: Figure S 4). The tissue array included 34 breast carcinomas and 17 normal breast tissue, which included 14 cases of adjacent normal counterparts. ERLIN2 expression was scored based on the staining intensity: 0 (negative), 1 + (weak), 2 + (low); 3+ (moderate) or 4 + (strong). In breast carcinomas samples, 11 (32.4%) stained ERLIN2 strongly and 13 (38.2%) moderately (Figure 5, Additional file 1: Figure S 5 Additional file 2: Table S 2). In contrast, no strong or moderate staining was observed in the 17 normal breast tissues. The staining intensities of ERLIN2 were significantly higher in tumor cells than in normal tissue cells (P = 0.001).

Discussion

The 8p11-12 amplicon in HBC has been the subject of a number of studies using high-resolution genomic analysis of copy number and gene expression [3–6, 42, 43]. We previously found that the 8p11-12 amplicon has a highly complex genomic structure and that the size of the amplicon in three HBC lines, SUM-44, SUM-52 and SUM-225, is highly variable [6, 31]. Moreover, the sub-amplicon of 8p11-12 that carries the ERLIN2 gene amplification was more frequently identified in HBCs [4, 7]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the 8p11-12 amplicon occurs mainly in the luminal subset of breast cancer cells, such as SUM-44 cells, a subset that also expresses the estrogen receptor [3, 4, 7, 44–46]. Here we report that the co-amplification of the ERLIN2 region occurred in a subset of HER2-amplified breast cancer cells, including SUM-225 cells. Our recent studies with Her2 model cells demonstrated that over expression of Her2 alone is not sufficient to induce full transformation in vitro and is not tumorigenic in vivo[47]. In contrast, Her2-amplified SUM225 breast cancer cells are fully transformed in vitro and tumorgic in vivo[48]. In this study, in vitro transforming and shRNA assays provided evidence that ERLIN2 is the most likely non- classical oncogene within this 8p11-12 minimal common amplified region. Our results suggest that the ERLIN2 plays a role in cell proliferation and maintenance of transforming phenotypes in breast cancer cells with the 8p11-12 amplification.

ERLIN2 belongs to a larger family of proteins that share an evolutionarily conserved stomatin/prohibitin/flotillin/HflK/C (SPFH) domain. SPFH-containing proteins localize to different membranes, but have common characteristics. For example, N-terminal sequences are required for subcellular localization and membrane attachment, while the coiled-coil motifs located at the C-terminal side of SPFH domain mediate the assembly of high-molecular-weight complexes [49]. ERLIN2 and its homologue ERLIN1 were originally identified as components of lipid rafts that localize to the ER [36]. More recently, ERLIN2 has been recognized as a novel mediator of ERAD [34–36, 50]. ERLIN2 binds to activated IP3Rs and other ERAD substrates, leading to polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation of these substrates [34, 35].

Of particular interest in this study, we found that the UPR pathway modulated ERLIN2 protein expression in breast cancer cells through the IRE1α/XBP1 axis. Forced expression of IRE1α, or spliced XBP1, the target of IRE1α under ER stress, up-regulated expression of the ERLIN2 protein, while knockdown of IRE1α RNase activity decreased ERLIN2 expression in the ERLIN2-amplified breast cancer cells. These gain- and loss-of-function studies provided support that the IRE1α/XBP1-mediated UPR pathway in HBC regulated production of ERLIN2. Importantly, our study also showed that the depletion of nutrient and growth signals, a condition that is associated with oncogenesis and ER stress, can increase ERLIN2 production in breast epithelial cells. However, over expression of IRE1α or spliced XBP1 did not increase expression of the ERLIN2 mRNA level, suggesting regulation at the post-transcription level. In the present study, we also showed that expression of primary breast cancer cells significantly up regulated ERLIN2 protein expression as compared with normal breast cells. As we had described earlier, amplification of the ERLIN2 gene, as part of the 8p11-12 amplicon, occurs in approximately 15% of human breast cancer. It is reported that XBP1 is over expressed in aggressive breast cancer and associated with cancer cell survival and therapy resistance [51]. In the ten SUM breast cancer cell lines we investigated, three lines have both ERLIN2 gene amplification and up-regulation of activated XBP1, resulting in dramatically high-level expression of ERLIN2 protein. In contrast, two lines with up-regulation of the XBP1, but no ERLIN2 gene amplification, had moderately high-expression of the ERLIN2 protein. Taken together, our results raise an intriguing notion that the breast cancer cells may utilize gene amplification and the UPR pathway to regulate ERLIN2 protein over-production under oncogenic stress conditions.

In response to ER stress, cells activate UPR to reprogram gene transcription and translation. Depending on the type and/or degree of the stress, cells can differentially activate the UPR pathways in order to make survival or death decisions [52]. The literature indicates that the UPR branch, through IRE1α/XBP1, plays a critical role in cell adaptation to ER stress by increasing protein refolding and degradation of misfolded proteins, and by bolstering the protein-folding capacity and secretion potential of the ER [20, 52, 53]. Cancer cells may adapt to the cellular stress and evade stress-induced apoptotic pathways by differentially activating the UPR branches. Indeed, tumor microenvironment has been characterized by a ‘baseline’ level of ER stress response that promotes tumor development and metastasis [20].

Conclusions

In the present study, we show that over expression of ERLIN2 may facilitate the adaptation of breast epithelial cells to ER stress by supporting cell growth and protecting the cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that ERLIN2 confers a selective growth advantage for breast cancer cells by facilitating a cytoprotective response to various cellular stresses associated with oncogenesis. The information provided here sheds new light the mechanism of breast cancer malignancy.